Respiratory and circulatory Flashcards by Anne-Marie Dion

COMPOSITION OF BLOOD

Only fluid tissue in the body

Man’s body: 5-6L, Woman’s body: 4-5L

Blood cells are called “formed elements”

55% of blood is plasma, 45% formed
elements

Plasma separated through centrifugation

Blood is a colloid

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BLOOD CONSTITUENTS

Yellowish liquid

90% water

Nutrients, antibodies, hormones, waste dissolved

Transports nutrients to cells

Transports waste to excretory organs

Transports antibodies and hormones

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RED BLOOD CELLS

Red colored cells

Disk shaped (doughnut)

No nucleus

No organelles

Transports oxygen with the
help of hemoglobin (a
protein)

Transports carbon dioxide

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WHITE BLOOD CELLS

Transparent

Protects body against diseases, bacteria,
viruses

Deals with immunity

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PLATELETS

Small fragments of cells in bone marrow (flexible
tissue in interior of bones)
No nucleus
Irregular shapes
Helps blood
clotting (stop you
from bleeding)

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BLOOD TYPES

Four types: A, B, AB, O

You can determine blood types by presence or absence
of “Substance A” and “Substance B” on membrane of cell
Rhesus factor (Rh factor) also on membrane and helps
determine if blood is positive or negative
Rh factor presence means Rh positive, no Rh factor
means Rh negative

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Nasal passages

Open to the outside through nostrils and end
in pharynx

Coated with mucus ( produced by glands)
which moistens air

Lined with hair that filters dust particles when
we breathe

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Pharynx

Part of the respiratory and digestive tract

Air inhaled and food passes at different times
(air towards trachea, food towards
esophagus)

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Larynx

Connects pharynx to trachea
Consists of mainly cartilage and has vocal
cords
Carries air
Produces sound (vocal cords vibrate when we
exhale which creates sound)

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Trachea

Made of cartilage rings to hold it open and
give it strength

Inner surface covered with mucus that traps
dust

Interior has cilia (hair like) that filters and
purifies

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Bronchi

Lower ends of trachea split in two bronchi

Tubes directly under right and left lung

Made of cartilaginous rings to hold them open

Carry air into lungs

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Lungs

Spongy and elastic organs

On each side of the heart

Enclosed in rib cage

Formed by millions of air sacs (alveoli)

Gas exchanges between body and world

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Diaphragm

the dome-shaped sheet of muscle that
separates the chest from the abdomen.

It is attached to the spine, ribs and sternum

the main muscle of respiration

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Inhalation

Ribs and sternum(breastbone) lift

Diaphragm lowers

Volume of rib cage and lungs increase

Pressure in lungs decreases

Air enters (high pressure outside to low inside)

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Exhalation

Ribs and sternum lower when muscles relax

Diaphragm lift when relaxed

Volume of rib cage and lungs decrease

Pressure inside lungs increases

Air exits (high to low pressure)

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GAS EXCHANGE

Oxygen MUST reach all the cells in our body

Blood circulation allows oxygen to be
distributed and carbon dioxide (a waste
product of cellular respiration) must be
expelled from the body

This gas exchange takes place in the ALVEOLI
in the lungs

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EXCHANGE

Concentration of oxygen is higher in the alveoli
than capillary blood so it diffuses from alveoli to
blood

Concentration of carbon dioxide is higher in
capillary blood than alveoli so it diffuses from
capillary blood to alveoli

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The circulatory system includes ___, ___
and ___

blood
blood vessels (carry blood)
heart (pumps blood)

There are almost ___ of blood vessels
in your body

60000 miles

Name the 4 “jobs” of the circulatory system

Transports oxygen and nutrients

Helps your body maintain a controlled
temperature

Helps fight illnesses

Deliver chemicals from foods and medicine
to where they are needed

Blood flows from the ___, then ___
then ___

arteries
capillaries
veins

Define the role and name 2 characteristics of arteries

A blood vessel that transports blood from the heart
to other parts of the body (AWAY from the heart)

Largest blood vessel

Thick elastic walls to withstand blood pressure

What are capillaries

Blood vessels that allow exchanges between blood
and the cells of organs

Nutrients, oxygen, etc pass to cells and blood picks
up carbon dioxide and other waste

Small diameter and very thin walls (like alley way)

Red blood vessels flow through them in single file

Define, describe and and explain the role of veins

Transports blood from capillaries TOWARDS the heart

Low pressure in veins

Blood circulates through veins with help of muscle
contractions

Veins have valves that keep blood from flowing downwards
because of gravity (muscles contractions also help)

Define the role and describe the heart

A “pump” Organ made of muscle tissue In the ribcage and between the lungs Has four cavities: Right Atrium, Right Ventricle, Left Atrium, Left ventricle

True or false: Right atrium is linked to right ventricle and left atrium is linked to left ventricle. The two sides do not communicate with each other.

true

Blood flows through \_\_\_ then go from the \_\_\_ to the \_\_\_.

valves atrium ventricules

Describe the role of the valves (heart)

The valves make sure blood does not move backwards.

True or false: Veins (superior/inferior vena cavas, pulmonary veins) are a way for blood to enter heart.

true

Arteries(aorta, pulmonary arteries) attached to \_\_\_ carry blood out

ventricules

Describe how the heart "pumps"

Lets blood enter through the ATRIUMS. The heart must be at rest and muscles relaxed. DIASTOLE. The two atriums contract simultaneously forcing blood out to the ventricles. Then, seconds later, the ventricles contract and push blood into the arteries attached to the heart. SYSTOLE Pulse we feel in throat, wrist, temples is related to the left ventricle. At rest heart beats 75 times per minute

Describe pulmonary circulation

Blood exits right ventricles and goes to capillaries of the lung Blood released carbon dioxide and picks up oxygen Blood returns to the heart and enters the the left atrium through the pulmonary vein

True or false: With pulmonary circulation, the left side of the heart is the pump

false: with pulmonary circulation, the Right side of the heart is the pump

Which is the longer route: systemic or pulmonary?

systemic

Describe systemic circulation

Blood exits left ventricle. Blood then sheds oxygen, nutrients, etc. and they are absorbed into tissue cells. Blood picks up carbon dioxide Now blood is poor in oxygen, rich in carbon dioxide. It returns to the heart and enters the right atrium through the vena cavas.

What's the diagnosis? deadliest lung disease Abnormality of cell growth that cause tumors Smoking (even second hand smoke)

Lung cancer

What's the diagnosis? Inflammation of air passages in the lung Trachea and bronchi become inflamed Caused by viruses, bacteria, inhaling fumes/dust

Bronchitis

What's the diagnosis? Blood clot in the lung and blocks pulmonary artery Causes: travel, stroke, surgery, heart disease..

Pulmonary embolism

What's the diagnosis? Alveoli are destroyed/inflated Exhalation is slowed or stopped Causes: smoking, air pollution……

Emphysema

What's the diagnosis? Inflammation of lungs Caused by bacteria and viruses

Pneumonia

What's the diagnosis?

Chronic inflammation of bronchial tubes Causes narrowing of airways Caused by allergens and irritants

What is pneumothorax?

When a lung collapses Caused by a rupture of a cyst, injury of chest wall, lung diseases

What is a tracheotomy?

A tracheotomy or a tracheostomy is an opening surgically created through the neck into the trachea