Respiratory and circulatory Flashcards
COMPOSITION OF BLOOD
Only fluid tissue in the body
Man’s body: 5-6L, Woman’s body: 4-5L
Blood cells are called “formed elements”
55% of blood is plasma, 45% formed
elements
Plasma separated through centrifugation
Blood is a colloid
BLOOD CONSTITUENTS
Yellowish liquid
90% water
Nutrients, antibodies, hormones, waste dissolved
Transports nutrients to cells
Transports waste to excretory organs
Transports antibodies and hormones
RED BLOOD CELLS
Red colored cells
Disk shaped (doughnut)
No nucleus
No organelles
Transports oxygen with the
help of hemoglobin (a
protein)
Transports carbon dioxide
WHITE BLOOD CELLS
Transparent
Protects body against diseases, bacteria,
viruses
Deals with immunity
PLATELETS
Small fragments of cells in bone marrow (flexible
tissue in interior of bones)
No nucleus
Irregular shapes
Helps blood
clotting (stop you
from bleeding)
BLOOD TYPES
Four types: A, B, AB, O
You can determine blood types by presence or absence
of “Substance A” and “Substance B” on membrane of cell
Rhesus factor (Rh factor) also on membrane and helps
determine if blood is positive or negative
Rh factor presence means Rh positive, no Rh factor
means Rh negative
Nasal passages
Open to the outside through nostrils and end
in pharynx
Coated with mucus ( produced by glands)
which moistens air
Lined with hair that filters dust particles when
we breathe
Pharynx
Part of the respiratory and digestive tract
Air inhaled and food passes at different times
(air towards trachea, food towards
esophagus)
Larynx
Connects pharynx to trachea
Consists of mainly cartilage and has vocal
cords
Carries air
Produces sound (vocal cords vibrate when we
exhale which creates sound)
Trachea
Made of cartilage rings to hold it open and
give it strength
Inner surface covered with mucus that traps
dust
Interior has cilia (hair like) that filters and
purifies
Bronchi
Lower ends of trachea split in two bronchi
Tubes directly under right and left lung
Made of cartilaginous rings to hold them open
Carry air into lungs
Lungs
Spongy and elastic organs
On each side of the heart
Enclosed in rib cage
Formed by millions of air sacs (alveoli)
Gas exchanges between body and world
Diaphragm
the dome-shaped sheet of muscle that
separates the chest from the abdomen.
It is attached to the spine, ribs and sternum
the main muscle of respiration
Inhalation
Ribs and sternum(breastbone) lift
Diaphragm lowers
Volume of rib cage and lungs increase
Pressure in lungs decreases
Air enters (high pressure outside to low inside)
Exhalation
Ribs and sternum lower when muscles relax
Diaphragm lift when relaxed
Volume of rib cage and lungs decrease
Pressure inside lungs increases
Air exits (high to low pressure)
GAS EXCHANGE
Oxygen MUST reach all the cells in our body
Blood circulation allows oxygen to be
distributed and carbon dioxide (a waste
product of cellular respiration) must be
expelled from the body
This gas exchange takes place in the ALVEOLI
in the lungs
EXCHANGE
Concentration of oxygen is higher in the alveoli
than capillary blood so it diffuses from alveoli to
blood
Concentration of carbon dioxide is higher in
capillary blood than alveoli so it diffuses from
capillary blood to alveoli
The circulatory system includes ___, ___
and ___
blood
blood vessels (carry blood)
heart (pumps blood)
There are almost ___ of blood vessels
in your body
60000 miles
Name the 4 “jobs” of the circulatory system
Transports oxygen and nutrients
Helps your body maintain a controlled
temperature
Helps fight illnesses
Deliver chemicals from foods and medicine
to where they are needed
Blood flows from the ___, then ___
then ___
arteries
capillaries
veins
Define the role and name 2 characteristics of arteries
A blood vessel that transports blood from the heart
to other parts of the body (AWAY from the heart)
Largest blood vessel
Thick elastic walls to withstand blood pressure
What are capillaries
Blood vessels that allow exchanges between blood
and the cells of organs
Nutrients, oxygen, etc pass to cells and blood picks
up carbon dioxide and other waste
Small diameter and very thin walls (like alley way)
Red blood vessels flow through them in single file
Define, describe and and explain the role of veins
Transports blood from capillaries TOWARDS the heart
Low pressure in veins
Blood circulates through veins with help of muscle
contractions
Veins have valves that keep blood from flowing downwards
because of gravity (muscles contractions also help)
Define the role and describe the heart
A “pump”
Organ made of muscle tissue
In the ribcage and between the lungs
Has four cavities: Right Atrium, Right
Ventricle, Left Atrium, Left ventricle
True or false:
Right atrium is linked to right ventricle and left atrium is
linked to left ventricle. The two sides do not communicate
with each other.
true
Blood flows through ___ then go from the ___ to the
___.
valves
atrium
ventricules
Describe the role of the valves (heart)
The valves make sure blood does not move
backwards.
True or false:
Veins (superior/inferior vena cavas, pulmonary veins) are a
way for blood to enter heart.
true
Arteries(aorta, pulmonary arteries) attached to ___
carry blood out
ventricules
Describe how the heart “pumps”
Lets blood enter through the ATRIUMS. The heart
must be at rest and muscles relaxed. DIASTOLE.
The two atriums contract simultaneously forcing
blood out to the ventricles. Then, seconds later, the
ventricles contract and push blood into the arteries
attached to the heart. SYSTOLE
Pulse we feel in throat, wrist, temples is related to
the left ventricle. At rest heart beats 75 times per
minute
Describe pulmonary circulation
Blood exits right ventricles and goes to capillaries
of the lung
Blood released carbon dioxide and picks up
oxygen
Blood returns to the heart and enters the the left
atrium through the pulmonary vein
True or false:
With pulmonary circulation, the left side of the heart is the pump
false:
with pulmonary circulation, the Right side of the heart is the pump
Which is the longer route: systemic or pulmonary?
systemic
Describe systemic circulation
Blood exits left ventricle.
Blood then sheds oxygen, nutrients, etc. and they are
absorbed into tissue cells.
Blood picks up carbon dioxide
Now blood is poor in oxygen, rich in carbon dioxide. It
returns to the heart and enters the right atrium
through the vena cavas.
What’s the diagnosis?
deadliest lung disease
Abnormality of cell growth that cause tumors
Smoking (even second hand smoke)
Lung cancer
What’s the diagnosis?
Inflammation of air passages in the lung
Trachea and bronchi become inflamed
Caused by viruses, bacteria, inhaling fumes/dust
Bronchitis
What’s the diagnosis?
Blood clot in the lung and blocks pulmonary artery
Causes: travel, stroke, surgery, heart disease..
Pulmonary embolism
What’s the diagnosis?
Alveoli are destroyed/inflated
Exhalation is slowed or stopped
Causes: smoking, air pollution……
Emphysema
What’s the diagnosis?
Inflammation of lungs
Caused by bacteria and viruses
Pneumonia
What’s the diagnosis?
Chronic inflammation of bronchial tubes
Causes narrowing of airways
Caused by allergens and irritants
What is pneumothorax?
When a lung collapses
Caused by a rupture of a cyst, injury of chest
wall, lung diseases
What is a tracheotomy?
A tracheotomy or a
tracheostomy is an opening surgically created
through the neck into the trachea
