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Grade 10 3Q > SCIENCE LESSON 3 - DNA > Flashcards

SCIENCE LESSON 3 - DNA Flashcards

1
Q

Are packed in bundles of these
chromosomes, is a distinct of the DNA
responsible for an inherited trait

A

GENES

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2
Q

Are coded instructions for
everything that must happen in the
body, including how an individual
functions and how a person look

A

GENES

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3
Q

Are organic compounds that function as storage of genetic information, which is transmitted from 1 generation to the next in all living organisms

A

Nucleic acids (polynucleotides)

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4
Q

2 TYPES OF NUCLEIC ACIDS

A

DNA
RNA

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5
Q
  • double helix of
    repeating nucleotides
A

DNA

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6
Q
  • sugar (deoxyribose)
  • nitrogeneous bases
    purines (A & G)
    pyrimidines (T & C)
A

DNA

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7
Q
  • carry complex
    information for longer
    period of time, more
    stable
A

DNA

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8
Q
  • helps carry out the
    blueprint’s guidelines
  • able to perform a variety
    of functions, more
    diverse
A

RNA

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9
Q

DNA

A

Deoxyribonucleic acid

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10
Q

Are composed of many
nucleotides linked together in a
long chain

A

Nucleic acids (polynucleotides)

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11
Q

3 components of each nucleotide:

A

a. five-carbon sugar (pentose)
b. phosphate group
c. nitrogenous base

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12
Q

DNA Complementary base pairs, Base pairing for Replication

A

Adenine (A)-Thymine (T)
Guanine (G)-Cytosine (C)

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13
Q

Base pairing for Transcription

A

Guanine (G)-Cytosine (C)
Thymine (T)-Adenine (A)
Adenine (A)-Uracil (U)

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14
Q

RNA Complementary base pairs, Base pairing for Translation

A

Adenine (A)-Uracil (U)
Guanine (G)-Cytosine (C)

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15
Q

RNA

A

Ribonucleic Acid

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16
Q

“The
central dogma of molecular genetics.”

A

The DNA, the RNA, and the proteins

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17
Q

RNA 3 processes involve

A
  1. Replication
  2. Transcription
  3. Translation/Protein synthesis
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18
Q

Composition of RNA

A

a. pentose (C5) sugar called ribose
b. phosphate group
c. Nitrogenous base

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19
Q

3 Types of RNA

A
  1. messenger RNA (mRNA)
  2. transfer RNA (tRNA)
  3. ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
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20
Q

Template to create protein, basis to create protein

A

mRNA

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21
Q

Matches amino acids to mRNA to create protein

A

tRNA

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22
Q

Replication

A

DNA to DNA

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23
Q

Ensure all body cells carry the same
genetic material and copied exactly the
instructions

A

Replication

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24
Q

Happens before cell division - new cells
required exact copy of the parent cell’s DNA

A

Replication

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25
Q

3 steps of DNA Replication (Enzymes)

A
  1. UNWINDING ( Helicase,
    Primase)
  2. BASE PAIRING ( Polymerase )
  3. JOINING ( Ligate )
26
Q

First step of replication, opens the DNA

27
Q

Serves as primer that separates DNA

28
Q

Creates a partner for each helix of the DNA after separation

A

Polymerase

29
Q

Where the partners of each helix are bein set up

A

3’ and 5’ (‘ means prime)

30
Q

Seals up the replicated helix to stop the pairing

31
Q

Process of replication because one of the complementing strands is conserved in daughter DNA

A

Semiconservative replication

32
Q

Transcription

A

DNA to RNA

33
Q

Making working copies of the genes. DNA only sends copies of blueprints
t o RNA, it i s RNA’ s job to make
blueprint copies

A

Transcription

34
Q

Involves the synthesis of a single
strand of nucleotides of mRNA using
one DNA strand as template

A

Transcription

35
Q

Translation

A

RNA to Protein

36
Q

Involves using the mRNA as template to determine the sequence of tRNA, which in turn determine the sequence of amino acids

A

Translation

37
Q

Is the process involved in genetic information is used to create amino acids and the corresponding proteins

A

Translation

38
Q

RNA Transcription steps

A

1) Unzips between its base pairs.
2) RNA Polymerase
3) Pairing (C-G, A-U)
4) mRNA to Cytoplasm

39
Q

The three-base code in the mRNA

40
Q

In the tRNA, read and translate the message by pairing up an equivalent three-letter code to the codons of the mRNA

41
Q

Changes in the chromosome of organisms
that are inheritable and are permanent

42
Q

May also involved a change in the
structure of chromosomes or in DNA
sequence, can happen spontaneously or can be caused by mutagens or mutagenic agents

43
Q

Mutations based on aneuploids

A
  1. Klinefelter Syndrome
  2. Turner Syndrome
  3. Metafemale
  4. Down Syndrome or trisomy 21
44
Q

This can cause mutations

A

Mutagens/ Mutagenic Agents

45
Q

Syndrome (mostly seen in men) that shows an abnormally long arms and legs, and abnormal formation of body hairs

A

Klinefelter Syndrome

46
Q

Syndrome where the 23rd pair of chromosomes is missing an x chromosomes, showing the characteristics of shortness in height, low hairline, widely spaced nipples, and shortened metacarpal, small fingernails, brown spots, no menstruation, and etc.

A

Turner Syndrome

47
Q

Syndrome that has 3 x sex chromosomes

A

Metafemale

48
Q

Syndrome that has an uneven 21st pair of chromosomes

A

Down Syndrome or trisomy 21

49
Q

Mutations based on
chromosome structure

A
  • Deletion
  • Duplication
  • Inversion
  • Insertion
  • Translocation
50
Q

Mutations based on Nucleotide Sequence

A
  • Point mutation or Microlesion ( Deletion and Insertion on nucleotide pair )
  • Frameshift mutation ( Deletion and Insertion on DNA )
  • Transverse mutation ( change of a purine to a pyrimidine )
51
Q

Control the production of the skin
pigment melanin

A

Tyrosinase

52
Q

Substitution of nucleotide G by another
nucleotide A in the codon CGG (arginine) to
CAG (glutamine) brought changes in the protein
enzyme tyrosinase

53
Q

The substitution mutation causes a glutamic acid in the protein to be changed to a valine amino acid. - Valine is hydrophobic. Blood cells immediately reflect this change, becoming shriveled and sickle-shaped

A

Sickle Cell Anemia

54
Q

Is an alteration of the nucleotide sequence of
the DNA that makes up a gene.

Ex, Hemophilia

A

Sex cells mutation

55
Q

Mutation in the somatic cells, will not passed along to the next offspring as it occurs in non-reproductive cells

A

Somatic mutation

56
Q

Genetic disorder
characterized by the progressive
deterioration of nerve cells in the brain
and spinal cord

A

TAY-SACHS DISEASE OR
HEXOSAMINIDASE

57
Q

Autosomal metabolic disorder that
results from mutations in a gene located
on chromosome 12 for the protein PAH, high level of phenylaline hydroxylase damage neurons in the brain

A

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

58
Q

Are hereditary genetic disorders where blood- clotting ability is impared due to the mutations
of genes found in X chromosome

A

HEMOPHILIA A & B

59
Q

Disorder that results from the abnormal transport of chloride and sodium across an epithelium caused by mutations in the gene CFTR in chromosome 7

A

CYSTIC FIBROSIS (CF)

60
Q

A genetic disorder characterized
by deletion of certain portion of
chromosome 5

A

CRI-DU-CHAT SYNDROME
(CAT’S CRY SYNDROME)

61
Q

A recessive x-linked disease characterized by degeneration of muscle cells, this mutation is due to dystrophin gene located in X chromosome

A

DUCHENNE MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY
(DMD)

Grade 10 3Q (19 decks)

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