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Year 9 WCC Exam Revision > Science - Diseases > Flashcards

Science - Diseases Flashcards

1
Q

Pathogen

A

An organism that causes disease

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2
Q

Disease

A

Something that prevents the body or a part of the body from working properly

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3
Q

Bacteria

A

Bacteria are microscopic and unicellular organisms. Some species are pathogenic while others aren’t

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4
Q

Examples of uses of non pathogenic bacteria

A
  • Decomposition
  • Nitrogen fixation
  • Medicine production
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5
Q

Examples of Bacterial diseases

A
  • Tetanus
  • Gastroenteritis
  • Typhoid Fever
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6
Q

How does a Tetanus infection occur?

A

C. tetani bacteria enter the body through puncture wounds from rusty metal

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7
Q

Symptoms of Tetanus

A
  • All muscles in body stiffening (Lockjaw)
  • Muscle spasms
  • Respiratory failure
  • Heart attack
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8
Q

How does Gastroenteritis occur

A

S. enteritis bacteria enter the body through eating bad food / not washing your hands before eating food

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9
Q

Symptoms of Gastroenteritis

A
  • Fever
  • Headaches
  • Vomiting
  • Diarrhoea
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10
Q

Vomiting and Diarrhoea cause _________

A

Dehydration

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11
Q

Symptoms of typhoid fever

A
  • Fever
  • Rash
  • Diarrhoea
  • Cough
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12
Q

Viruses

A

Viruses are pathogens that are 1/100 the size of bacteria. Viruses invade a host cell which they manipulate into producing more viruses. They do not use nutrients from the environment or produce waste.

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13
Q

Examples of viral diseases

A
  • Colds
  • Flu
  • Measles
  • Polio
  • Chicken pox
  • Ebola
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14
Q

A cold is caused by what viral pathogen?

A

Rhinoviruses

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15
Q

Symptoms of flu

A

High fever and body aches

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16
Q

The flu is caused by what viral pathogen?

A

Influenza types A, B and C

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17
Q

Symptoms of Measles

A
  • Red rash
  • Fever
  • Dry cough
  • Runny nose
  • Possible complication: inflammation of the brain
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18
Q

Symptoms of Chicken Pox

A
  • Itchy red blisters
  • Runny nose
  • Fever
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19
Q

Examples of Vaccines included in the Childhood Australian immunization program

A
  • Measles

* Chicken Pox

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20
Q

Function of Antibiotics on Bacterial infections

A

Antibiotics kill bacteria by targeting cell walls and metabolic pathways

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21
Q

Function of Antibiotics on Viral infections

A

Viruses aren’t affected by antibiotics as they don’t have cell walls or metabolic pathways

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22
Q

Antibiotic resistance

A

Antibiotic resistance occurs when the non-antibiotic-resistant bacteria are killed, and the mutated, antibiotic-resistant bacteria are given space to multiply.

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23
Q

Infectious disease

A

A disease that is caused by a pathogen

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24
Q

First line of defence

A

Non-specific barriers to prevent the pathogen from entering the body

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25
Types of Pathogens
* Virus * Bacteria * Parasite * Fungus
26
Examples of First line of defence
* Skin * Tears * Saliva * Mucus * Stomach acid
27
Second line of defence
Non-specific cellular responses to try and kill pathogens
28
Examples of the second of line of defence
* Inflammation | * Neutrophils and Macrophages
29
Inflammation
Where cells release histamines to increase blood flow to the area, making it appear red and swollen
30
Neutrophils and Macrophages
Non-specific specialized white blood cells that engulf bacteria and turn into pus when they die
31
Third line of defence
Pathogen-specific cellular responses that involve lymphocytes, antibodies and memory cells.
32
Antibody
Pathogen-specific proteins that are produced by lymphocytes that target specific pathogens and clumps them together.
33
Memory cells
Memory cells "remember" how to make antibodies from previous infections, making you (temporarily) immune from those infections.
34
Vaccines
Substances that cause the body to develop an immunity artificially to a certain pathogen without actually exposing you to the active pathogen. They may be made of dead or inactive pathogens and their proteins.
35
Disease that is extinct due to vaccination
Smallpox
36
Disease that is nearly extinct due to vaccination
Polio
37
Quarantine
Isolation to prevent the spread of disease
38
Ways to prevent the spread of a contagious disease
* Cover your mouth when coughing and sneezing * Hand washing * Wearing masks * Using hand sanitiser frequently * Quarantine
39
Why is immunity to influenza not as effective as other infections?
Because the virus strain mutates every year
40
Antiviral Drugs
Prevents viruses from reproducing inside a host cell
41
Parasite
An organism that lives on or inside a host organism. They feed off the host organism and often cause disease in the process.
42
Examples of parasitic diseases
* Malaria | * Amoebic Dysentery
43
Vector
A living organism that transmits an infectious agent from an infected animal or human to another animal or human
44
Malaria
A disease caused by a parasite called Plasmodium that is spread by mosquitoes.
45
Malaria symptoms
* Fever * Headache * Fatigue * Nausea
46
Prevention of Malaria
* Mosquito repellent * Mosquito netting * Removing free standing water * Anti-malarial drugs
47
What is Amoebic dysentery?
Parasitic disease caused by drinking water contaminated with pathogenic amoebae
48
Symptoms of Amoebic Dysentery
* Bloody stool * Diarrhoea * Fever
49
Fungi reproduction method
Spreading spores
50
Examples of Fungal diseases
* Tinea | * Thrush
51
Tinea
Fungal infection that makes itchy, red ring-shaped marks and feeds on dead skin
52
What is Thrush?
A fungal disease caused by naturally occurring fungi in the body when other microbes die out.
53
Environmental disease
Disease that is not caused by a pathogen and is not infectious
54
Examples of environmental diseases caused by under-nutrition
* Kwashiorkor * Scurvy * Rickets
55
Symptoms of Kwashiorkor
* Pot-belly * Hair loss * Swollen legs * Lack of energy
56
Cause of Kwashiorkor
Lack of protein
57
Symptoms of Scurvy
* Bleeding gums * Teeth falling out * Sore joints * Reduced healing time
58
Cause of Scurvy
Lack of Vitamin C
59
Symptoms of Rickets
Rubbery bones that bend under the weight of the body results in bow legs
60
Cause of Rickets
Lack of Vitamin D - made worse with a lack of Calcium
61
Examples of environmental diseases caused by over-nutrition
* High blood pressure * Diabetes (Type 2) * Obesity
62
Health risks associated with high blood pressure
* Heart attack * Stroke * Kidney Faliure
63
Cause of high blood pressure
Excess salt
64
Cause of type 1 diabetes
The immune system attacks the Beta cells of the pancreas, preventing insulin production. Type 1 Diabetes is genetic.
65
Management of type 1 diabetes
* Regular blood tests | * Insulin injections
66
Cause of type 2 diabetes
A poor diet (too much sugar) and little exercise leads to a resistance to insulin
67
Management of type 2 diabetes
Early stages: Improving diet and exercise Late stages: Insulin injections
68
What is BMI?
A rough measure to estimate obesity. Stands for Body Mass Index.
69
Flaws with BMI
BMI does not consider muscle mass or bone density and is not accurate for children
70
Asbestosis
Chronic lung disease caused by inhaling asbestos
71
Symptoms of Asbestosis
* Persistent cough * Shortness of breath * Blue colouration of lips
72
Mesothelioma
Group of cancers caused by asbestos exposure 30 - 40 years after exposure
73
BMI Formula
Mass(kg)/Height(m)^2
74
Ways to combat viruses
* Vaccines * Antiviral drugs * Nanomedicine
75
Viruses are difficult to treat as they ______
Mutate often
76
Asbestos
Building material with small fibres
77
Immunosuppression
When someone's immune system is weakened
78
Zone of inhibition
The area surrounding a paper disk with no microbial growth in an experiment about microbial growth
79
Larger zone of inhibition
More effective antimicrobial
80
Safety considerations when working with microbial experiments
* Wash hands with soap and water after touching agar plates to avoid infection * Wear gloves when handling bacteria to avoid infection
81
Contagious disease
A disease that can be spread person to person
82
Examples of childhood diseases
* Chicken pox * Measles * Whooping cough
83
Causes of heart disease
* High blood pressure * Diabetes * Smoking * Obesity
84
Symptons of Thrush
itchy white and uncomfortable patches
85
Symptons of Tinea
Inflammation, itching, skin turns red with an appearance of a red ring.

Year 9 WCC Exam Revision (14 decks)

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