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Year 9 WCC Exam Revision > Science - Body Coordination > Flashcards

Science - Body Coordination Flashcards

1
Q

Catabolic reaction

A

Breakdown of large complex molecules into smaller simple molecules, releasing chemical energy.

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2
Q

Anabolic Reaction

A

Building of larger complex molecules from smaller simple molecules, requiring an input of energy

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3
Q

Metabolism

A

The chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to live

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4
Q

Word equation for Cellular Respiration

A

Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy

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5
Q

Where cellular respiration occurs

A

Mitochondria, the powerhouse of the cell

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6
Q

Which body systems provided the reactants for cellular respiration?

A

Digestive - Glucose
Respiratory - Oxygen

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7
Q

Lock and Key model

A

Where the substrate(Key) perfectly fits into the active site of the enzyme (Lock).

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8
Q

Enzymes

A

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions.

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9
Q

Enzymes are not _____ in a chemical reaction

A

Used up

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10
Q

Enzymes are made in the ______

A

Ribosomes

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11
Q

3 Main types of Nutrients

A

• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Lipids

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12
Q

Simple molecule from Carbohydrates

A

Glucose

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13
Q

Simple molecule from Proteins

A

Amino acids

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14
Q

Enzymes denature when temperature _____

A

Rises

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15
Q

The chemical reactions that occur when Proteins, Lipids, and Carbohydrates are digested are examples of _____ reactions.

A

Catabolic

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16
Q

Homeostasis

A

The way that the body keeps stable internal conditions

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17
Q

2 main examples of Homeostasis

A

Blood Sugar and Body Temperature

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18
Q

The endocrine system

A

A body system made of glands that produce and secrete hormones

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19
Q

Gland

A

An organ that produces one or more hormones

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20
Q

Hormone

A

A chemical messenger that will only affect their target cell which will have a receptor

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21
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Monitors the internal body environment

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22
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Secretes hormones to other endocrine glands upon being signalled from the Hypothalamus

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23
Q

Thermoregulation

A

The regulation of temperature within the body

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24
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

Secreted by the pituitary gland to stimulate the thyroid gland

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25
Q

Function of the Thyroid gland

A

Secretes thyroxine into the bloodstream, increasing the metabolic rate of the cells leading to higher temperatures

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26
Q

Endocrine system response to high temperatures

A

Hypothalamus detects the high temperature → Pituitary gland sends less TSH to the thyroid gland → Thyroid gland releases less Thyroxine to the body → Decreased cellular respiration

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27
Q

Endocrine system response to low temperatures

A

Hypothalamus detects the low temperature → Pituitary gland sends more TSH to the thyroid gland → Thyroid gland releases more Thyroxine to the body → Increased cellular respiration

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28
Q

Nervous system response to low temperatures

A

• Vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels)
• Shivering
• Piloerection (goosebumps)

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29
Q

Nervous system response to high temperatures

A

• Vasodilation (Widening of blood vessels)
• Sweating

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30
Q

Type 1 Diabetes

A

Failure to generate insulin, Genetic, treated by insulin injections

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31
Q

Type 2 Diabetes

A

Failure to respond to insulin, Not genetic, treated by exercise and healthy diet

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32
Q

Chain of events when the blood glucose levels are high

A

Pancreas secrete Insulin → Liver changes Glucose to Glycogen (Less sugar)

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33
Q

Chain of events when the blood glucose levels are low

A

Pancreas secrete Glucagon → Liver changes Glycogen to Glucose (More sugar)

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34
Q

Simple Molecules from Lipids

A

Fatty acids and Glycerol

35
Q

Central Nervous system

A

The part of the nervous system that is composed of the brain and spinal cord

36
Q

Peripheral nervous system

A

The peripheral nervous system is composed of all the sensory and motor neurons

37
Q

Dendrite

A

Part of a nerve cell that receives the Neurotransmitters from other axon terminals

38
Q

Axon

A

The part of the neuron that carries the information

39
Q

Axon Terminal

A

The part of the Neuron that sends out Neurotransmitters

40
Q

Myelin sheath

A

An insulating layer that forms around nerves that allows the electrical impulses to travel quickly and efficiently.

41
Q

Synapse

A

The point between two nerve cells

42
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Chemical messenger that carry chemical signals from one nerve cell to the target cell

43
Q

3 Types of neurons

A

• Sensory
• Connector
• Motor

44
Q

Sensory Neuron

A

Nerve cells that are activated by sensory input from the environment

45
Q

Connector Neurons

A

Neurons that connect the Motor and Sensory Neurons.

46
Q

Motor Neurons

A

Neurons that connect to muscles, glands and organs. They transmit impulses from the spinal cord to the muscles.

47
Q

Stimulus response model

A

Stimulus → Receptor → Sensory Neuron → Control Centre → Motor Neuron → Effector → Response

48
Q

5 Main types of receptors

A

• Chemoreceptors
• Mechanoreceptors
• Pain receptors
• Thermoreceptors
• Photoreceptors

49
Q

Chemoreceptors

A

Sensitive to chemicals such as odour, located in nose and tongue

50
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

Sensitive to touch, pressure, sound, and motion. Located in the skin, inner ear and muscles.

51
Q

Pain receptors

A

Sensitive to damaged cells and are located throughout the body.

52
Q

Thermoreceptors

A

Sensitive to temperature changes and are located in the skin

53
Q

Photoreceptors

A

Sensitive to light and are located in the eyes.

54
Q

Reflex

A

Involuntary movement

55
Q

Cerebrum

A

The largest part of the brain, controls all voluntary actions in the human body

56
Q

Cerebellum

A

Located in the back of the brain, helps with coordination and movement related to motor skills.

57
Q

Medulla

A

Also known as the brain stem or top of the spinal cord. Monitors vital functions including breathing, blood pressure and heart rate.

58
Q

4 Lobes of the Brain

A

• Frontal Lobe
• Temporal Lobe
• Parietal Lobe
• Occipital Lobe

59
Q

Frontal Lobe

A

The most front part of the brain. Controls higher cognitive functions such as memory, emotions, problem solving, and motor function

60
Q

Parietal Lobe

A

Located at the upper back area of the brain. Processes sensory information (other than sight and sound).

61
Q

Occipital Lobe

A

Located at the back of the brain. Responsible for visual perception.

62
Q

Temporal Lobe

A

Located at the middle-bottom of the brain. Responsible for interpreting sounds and language usage

63
Q

Somatic nervous system

A

Part of the peripheral nervous system that covers voluntary muscle control

64
Q

Autonomic nervous system

A

Part of the peripheral nervous system that covers involuntary muscle control

65
Q

Sympathetic nervous system

A

Part of the autonomic nervous system that covers the fight or flight response

66
Q

Parasympathetic nervous system

A

Part of the autonomic nervous system that covers rest and digestion

67
Q

Fight or flight response

A

• Pupil dilation
• Bronchiole dilation
• Heart rate increase
• Digestion slowed

68
Q

Sensation

A

What you feel/what comes into your senses

69
Q

Perception

A

What you interpret the sensation as

70
Q

Sensory memory

A

Lasts for 5 seconds, it’s what you perceive. In order for it to be put into short term memory, it must be paid attention to.

71
Q

Short term memory

A

Lasts for 30 seconds, stores information that you are working with. Must be rehearsed to go into long term memory

72
Q

Long term memory

A

Can last a lifetime, must be retrieved to short term memory in order to be used. In order to not allow memories to blur, they must be retrieved regularly.

73
Q

Chunking

A

Method to improve memory by grouping information together.

74
Q

Contextual cues

A

Memory being better in the context/environment that it was learned in

75
Q

Maintenance Rehearsal

A

Repeating information in short term to better remember it

76
Q

Elaborate rehearsal

A

Linking information through stories, mind maps or pictures to improve memory

77
Q

Classical Conditioning

A

A neutral stimulus is associated with a natural response (Little albert experiment)

78
Q

Operant conditioning

A

A response is increased or decreased due to reinforcement or punishment

79
Q

Observational learning

A

Learning through observation and imitation of others (Momo Doll)

80
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Giving a reward to increase desired behaviour

81
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Taking away a punishment to increase desired behaviour

82
Q

Positive punishment

A

Giving a punishment to decrease undesired behaviour

83
Q

Negative Punishment

A

Taking away a reward to decrease undesired behaviour

Year 9 WCC Exam Revision (14 decks)

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