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Year 9 WCC Exam Revision > Science - Body Coordination > Flashcards

Science - Body Coordination Flashcards

1
Q

Catabolic reaction

A

Breakdown of large complex molecules into smaller simple molecules, releasing chemical energy.

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2
Q

Anabolic Reaction

A

Building of larger complex molecules from smaller simple molecules, requiring an input of energy

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3
Q

Metabolism

A

The chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to live

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4
Q

Word equation for Cellular Respiration

A

Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy

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5
Q

Where cellular respiration occurs

A

Mitochondria, the powerhouse of the cell

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6
Q

Which body systems provided the reactants for cellular respiration?

A

Digestive - Glucose
Respiratory - Oxygen

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7
Q

Lock and Key model

A

Where the substrate(Key) perfectly fits into the active site of the enzyme (Lock).

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8
Q

Enzymes

A

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions.

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9
Q

Enzymes are not _____ in a chemical reaction

A

Used up

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10
Q

Enzymes are made in the ______

A

Ribosomes

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11
Q

3 Main types of Nutrients

A

• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Lipids

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12
Q

Simple molecule from Carbohydrates

A

Glucose

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13
Q

Simple molecule from Proteins

A

Amino acids

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14
Q

Enzymes denature when temperature _____

A

Rises

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15
Q

The chemical reactions that occur when Proteins, Lipids, and Carbohydrates are digested are examples of _____ reactions.

A

Catabolic

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16
Q

Homeostasis

A

The way that the body keeps stable internal conditions

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17
Q

2 main examples of Homeostasis

A

Blood Sugar and Body Temperature

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18
Q

The endocrine system

A

A body system made of glands that produce and secrete hormones

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19
Q

Gland

A

An organ that produces one or more hormones

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20
Q

Hormone

A

A chemical messenger that will only affect their target cell which will have a receptor

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21
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Monitors the internal body environment

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22
Q

Pituitary gland

A

Secretes hormones to other endocrine glands upon being signalled from the Hypothalamus

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23
Q

Thermoregulation

A

The regulation of temperature within the body

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24
Q

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

A

Secreted by the pituitary gland to stimulate the thyroid gland

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25
Function of the Thyroid gland
Secretes thyroxine into the bloodstream, increasing the metabolic rate of the cells leading to higher temperatures
26
Endocrine system response to high temperatures
Hypothalamus detects the high temperature → Pituitary gland sends less TSH to the thyroid gland → Thyroid gland releases less Thyroxine to the body → Decreased cellular respiration
27
Endocrine system response to low temperatures
Hypothalamus detects the low temperature → Pituitary gland sends more TSH to the thyroid gland → Thyroid gland releases more Thyroxine to the body → Increased cellular respiration
28
Nervous system response to low temperatures
• Vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels) • Shivering • Piloerection (goosebumps)
29
Nervous system response to high temperatures
• Vasodilation (Widening of blood vessels) • Sweating
30
Type 1 Diabetes
Failure to generate insulin, Genetic, treated by insulin injections
31
Type 2 Diabetes
Failure to respond to insulin, Not genetic, treated by exercise and healthy diet
32
Chain of events when the blood glucose levels are high
Pancreas secrete Insulin → Liver changes Glucose to Glycogen (Less sugar)
33
Chain of events when the blood glucose levels are low
Pancreas secrete Glucagon → Liver changes Glycogen to Glucose (More sugar)
34
Simple Molecules from Lipids
Fatty acids and Glycerol
35
Central Nervous system
The part of the nervous system that is composed of the brain and spinal cord
36
Peripheral nervous system
The peripheral nervous system is composed of all the sensory and motor neurons
37
Dendrite
Part of a nerve cell that receives the Neurotransmitters from other axon terminals
38
Axon
The part of the neuron that carries the information
39
Axon Terminal
The part of the Neuron that sends out Neurotransmitters
40
Myelin sheath
An insulating layer that forms around nerves that allows the electrical impulses to travel quickly and efficiently.
41
Synapse
The point between two nerve cells
42
Neurotransmitter
Chemical messenger that carry chemical signals from one nerve cell to the target cell
43
3 Types of neurons
• Sensory • Connector • Motor
44
Sensory Neuron
Nerve cells that are activated by sensory input from the environment
45
Connector Neurons
Neurons that connect the Motor and Sensory Neurons.
46
Motor Neurons
Neurons that connect to muscles, glands and organs. They transmit impulses from the spinal cord to the muscles.
47
Stimulus response model
Stimulus → Receptor → Sensory Neuron → Control Centre → Motor Neuron → Effector → Response
48
5 Main types of receptors
• Chemoreceptors • Mechanoreceptors • Pain receptors • Thermoreceptors • Photoreceptors
49
Chemoreceptors
Sensitive to chemicals such as odour, located in nose and tongue
50
Mechanoreceptors
Sensitive to touch, pressure, sound, and motion. Located in the skin, inner ear and muscles.
51
Pain receptors
Sensitive to damaged cells and are located throughout the body.
52
Thermoreceptors
Sensitive to temperature changes and are located in the skin
53
Photoreceptors
Sensitive to light and are located in the eyes.
54
Reflex
Involuntary movement
55
Cerebrum
The largest part of the brain, controls all voluntary actions in the human body
56
Cerebellum
Located in the back of the brain, helps with coordination and movement related to motor skills.
57
Medulla
Also known as the brain stem or top of the spinal cord. Monitors vital functions including breathing, blood pressure and heart rate.
58
4 Lobes of the Brain
• Frontal Lobe • Temporal Lobe • Parietal Lobe • Occipital Lobe
59
Frontal Lobe
The most front part of the brain. Controls higher cognitive functions such as memory, emotions, problem solving, and motor function
60
Parietal Lobe
Located at the upper back area of the brain. Processes sensory information (other than sight and sound).
61
Occipital Lobe
Located at the back of the brain. Responsible for visual perception.
62
Temporal Lobe
Located at the middle-bottom of the brain. Responsible for interpreting sounds and language usage
63
Somatic nervous system
Part of the peripheral nervous system that covers voluntary muscle control
64
Autonomic nervous system
Part of the peripheral nervous system that covers involuntary muscle control
65
Sympathetic nervous system
Part of the autonomic nervous system that covers the fight or flight response
66
Parasympathetic nervous system
Part of the autonomic nervous system that covers rest and digestion
67
Fight or flight response
• Pupil dilation • Bronchiole dilation • Heart rate increase • Digestion slowed
68
Sensation
What you feel/what comes into your senses
69
Perception
What you interpret the sensation as
70
Sensory memory
Lasts for 5 seconds, it's what you perceive. In order for it to be put into short term memory, it must be paid attention to.
71
Short term memory
Lasts for 30 seconds, stores information that you are working with. Must be rehearsed to go into long term memory
72
Long term memory
Can last a lifetime, must be retrieved to short term memory in order to be used. In order to not allow memories to blur, they must be retrieved regularly.
73
Chunking
Method to improve memory by grouping information together.
74
Contextual cues
Memory being better in the context/environment that it was learned in
75
Maintenance Rehearsal
Repeating information in short term to better remember it
76
Elaborate rehearsal
Linking information through stories, mind maps or pictures to improve memory
77
Classical Conditioning
A neutral stimulus is associated with a natural response (Little albert experiment)
78
Operant conditioning
A response is increased or decreased due to reinforcement or punishment
79
Observational learning
Learning through observation and imitation of others (Momo Doll)
80
Positive reinforcement
Giving a reward to increase desired behaviour
81
Negative reinforcement
Taking away a punishment to increase desired behaviour
82
Positive punishment
Giving a punishment to decrease undesired behaviour
83
Negative Punishment
Taking away a reward to decrease undesired behaviour

Year 9 WCC Exam Revision (14 decks)

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