Science - Body Coordination Flashcards
Catabolic reaction
Breakdown of large complex molecules into smaller simple molecules, releasing chemical energy.
Anabolic Reaction
Building of larger complex molecules from smaller simple molecules, requiring an input of energy
Metabolism
The chemical processes that occur within a living organism in order to live
Word equation for Cellular Respiration
Glucose + Oxygen = Carbon Dioxide + Water + Energy
Where cellular respiration occurs
Mitochondria, the powerhouse of the cell
Which body systems provided the reactants for cellular respiration?
Digestive - Glucose
Respiratory - Oxygen
Lock and Key model
Where the substrate(Key) perfectly fits into the active site of the enzyme (Lock).
Enzymes
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions.
Enzymes are not _____ in a chemical reaction
Used up
Enzymes are made in the ______
Ribosomes
3 Main types of Nutrients
• Carbohydrates
• Proteins
• Lipids
Simple molecule from Carbohydrates
Glucose
Simple molecule from Proteins
Amino acids
Enzymes denature when temperature _____
Rises
The chemical reactions that occur when Proteins, Lipids, and Carbohydrates are digested are examples of _____ reactions.
Catabolic
Homeostasis
The way that the body keeps stable internal conditions
2 main examples of Homeostasis
Blood Sugar and Body Temperature
The endocrine system
A body system made of glands that produce and secrete hormones
Gland
An organ that produces one or more hormones
Hormone
A chemical messenger that will only affect their target cell which will have a receptor
Hypothalamus
Monitors the internal body environment
Pituitary gland
Secretes hormones to other endocrine glands upon being signalled from the Hypothalamus
Thermoregulation
The regulation of temperature within the body
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Secreted by the pituitary gland to stimulate the thyroid gland
Function of the Thyroid gland
Secretes thyroxine into the bloodstream, increasing the metabolic rate of the cells leading to higher temperatures
Endocrine system response to high temperatures
Hypothalamus detects the high temperature → Pituitary gland sends less TSH to the thyroid gland → Thyroid gland releases less Thyroxine to the body → Decreased cellular respiration
Endocrine system response to low temperatures
Hypothalamus detects the low temperature → Pituitary gland sends more TSH to the thyroid gland → Thyroid gland releases more Thyroxine to the body → Increased cellular respiration
Nervous system response to low temperatures
• Vasoconstriction (narrowing of blood vessels)
• Shivering
• Piloerection (goosebumps)
Nervous system response to high temperatures
• Vasodilation (Widening of blood vessels)
• Sweating
Type 1 Diabetes
Failure to generate insulin, Genetic, treated by insulin injections
Type 2 Diabetes
Failure to respond to insulin, Not genetic, treated by exercise and healthy diet
Chain of events when the blood glucose levels are high
Pancreas secrete Insulin → Liver changes Glucose to Glycogen (Less sugar)
Chain of events when the blood glucose levels are low
Pancreas secrete Glucagon → Liver changes Glycogen to Glucose (More sugar)
Simple Molecules from Lipids
Fatty acids and Glycerol
Central Nervous system
The part of the nervous system that is composed of the brain and spinal cord
Peripheral nervous system
The peripheral nervous system is composed of all the sensory and motor neurons
Dendrite
Part of a nerve cell that receives the Neurotransmitters from other axon terminals
Axon
The part of the neuron that carries the information
Axon Terminal
The part of the Neuron that sends out Neurotransmitters
Myelin sheath
An insulating layer that forms around nerves that allows the electrical impulses to travel quickly and efficiently.
Synapse
The point between two nerve cells
Neurotransmitter
Chemical messenger that carry chemical signals from one nerve cell to the target cell
3 Types of neurons
• Sensory
• Connector
• Motor
Sensory Neuron
Nerve cells that are activated by sensory input from the environment
Connector Neurons
Neurons that connect the Motor and Sensory Neurons.
Motor Neurons
Neurons that connect to muscles, glands and organs. They transmit impulses from the spinal cord to the muscles.
Stimulus response model
Stimulus → Receptor → Sensory Neuron → Control Centre → Motor Neuron → Effector → Response
5 Main types of receptors
• Chemoreceptors
• Mechanoreceptors
• Pain receptors
• Thermoreceptors
• Photoreceptors
Chemoreceptors
Sensitive to chemicals such as odour, located in nose and tongue
Mechanoreceptors
Sensitive to touch, pressure, sound, and motion. Located in the skin, inner ear and muscles.
Pain receptors
Sensitive to damaged cells and are located throughout the body.
Thermoreceptors
Sensitive to temperature changes and are located in the skin
Photoreceptors
Sensitive to light and are located in the eyes.
Reflex
Involuntary movement
Cerebrum
The largest part of the brain, controls all voluntary actions in the human body
Cerebellum
Located in the back of the brain, helps with coordination and movement related to motor skills.
Medulla
Also known as the brain stem or top of the spinal cord. Monitors vital functions including breathing, blood pressure and heart rate.
4 Lobes of the Brain
• Frontal Lobe
• Temporal Lobe
• Parietal Lobe
• Occipital Lobe
Frontal Lobe
The most front part of the brain. Controls higher cognitive functions such as memory, emotions, problem solving, and motor function
Parietal Lobe
Located at the upper back area of the brain. Processes sensory information (other than sight and sound).
Occipital Lobe
Located at the back of the brain. Responsible for visual perception.
Temporal Lobe
Located at the middle-bottom of the brain. Responsible for interpreting sounds and language usage
Somatic nervous system
Part of the peripheral nervous system that covers voluntary muscle control
Autonomic nervous system
Part of the peripheral nervous system that covers involuntary muscle control
Sympathetic nervous system
Part of the autonomic nervous system that covers the fight or flight response
Parasympathetic nervous system
Part of the autonomic nervous system that covers rest and digestion
Fight or flight response
• Pupil dilation
• Bronchiole dilation
• Heart rate increase
• Digestion slowed
Sensation
What you feel/what comes into your senses
Perception
What you interpret the sensation as
Sensory memory
Lasts for 5 seconds, it’s what you perceive. In order for it to be put into short term memory, it must be paid attention to.
Short term memory
Lasts for 30 seconds, stores information that you are working with. Must be rehearsed to go into long term memory
Long term memory
Can last a lifetime, must be retrieved to short term memory in order to be used. In order to not allow memories to blur, they must be retrieved regularly.
Chunking
Method to improve memory by grouping information together.
Contextual cues
Memory being better in the context/environment that it was learned in
Maintenance Rehearsal
Repeating information in short term to better remember it
Elaborate rehearsal
Linking information through stories, mind maps or pictures to improve memory
Classical Conditioning
A neutral stimulus is associated with a natural response (Little albert experiment)
Operant conditioning
A response is increased or decreased due to reinforcement or punishment
Observational learning
Learning through observation and imitation of others (Momo Doll)
Positive reinforcement
Giving a reward to increase desired behaviour
Negative reinforcement
Taking away a punishment to increase desired behaviour
Positive punishment
Giving a punishment to decrease undesired behaviour
Negative Punishment
Taking away a reward to decrease undesired behaviour
