History - Australian History Flashcards
New South Wales
1788, Penal colony
Van Diemen’s Land
1803, Penal colony
Queensland
1824, Penal colony
Western Australia
1826, Scared of French people
Port Phillip District
1803, Administrative district of New South Wales
South Australia
1836, Free colony
Alluvial gold
Gold found near the surface or in creeks and rivers
Assisted migrants
Migrants that had their passage to Australia subsidised by the government
Constitution
The set of laws that defines how Australia is governed
Convict
Someone who is imprisoned because of a crime
Deep reef gold
Gold found in its original rock host
Dispossesion
The act of depriving someone of their possessions
Federation
The process of separate colonies joining together to form a united nation
First Fleet
The first 11 ships carrying convicts that left Britain in 1787 and came to establish a penal colony in New South Wales
Free settlers
People who willingly came to Australia to live there
Nationalism
A sense of pride or love of one’s country or a sense of unity, being a country
Penal colony
A colony set up to primarily receive and contain prisoners from another country
Second fleet
The 6 ships carrying convicts, free settlers, and supplies that arrived in 1789
Terra nullius
A Latin term meaning ‘land belonging to no one’ or ‘empty land’
James Cook
He was ordered in 1768 to sail to New Holland to investigate the plants and animals that he found there. In 1770, he claimed and mapped the eastern coast in the name of Britain.
Arthur Phillip
Commander of the First Fleet that came in 1788 to establish a colony in Sydney cove named New South Wales.
Henry Parkes
Former premier of New South Wales that tirelessly campaigned for a United Australia. Known as the “Father of Federation”
Alfred Deakin
Australia’s second prime minister who argued in support of the immigration restriction act
Immigration Restriction Act
Piece of law that severely limited immigration. Designed to prevent Asian immigration. An immigration office could choose to administer a dictation test any any European language.
John Feltham Archibald
Established “The Bulletin” magazine that was read all around Australia and known as the “Bushman’s Bible”. This magazine supported Federation and a white Australia.
Living conditions for the poor in Australia
Overcrowded cottages with little to no insulation and utilites
Living conditions for the rich in Australia
Large homes with well tended gardens and servants
Positive working conditions in Australia
- A minimum wage
- 8 hours of work on weekdays and 4 hours on Saturdays
- Pension if age > 65
Negative working conditions in Australia
- Poorly ventilated, overcrowded factories that were extremely hot in the summer and cold and damp in the winter.
- Unsafe equipment, injuries were common
Education for children from wealthy families
Children from wealthy families were sent to private schools
Education for children from poorer families in Australia
All children aged between 6 and 13 get free schooling at government schools.
Rail transport in Australia around the time of federation
Entirety of Australia was connected by rail but the rail gauge varied by state
Technology after federation
First cars and plane flights from Europe in the 1920s
Ongoing impact of British settlement on the aboriginal people
- Replacing traditional aboriginal peoples culture and practices with British culture
- Polluting their environment
- Forcing Aboriginal people to learn English
- Industrialising sacred Aboriginal territory
Initial Impacts of British settlement on the indigenous people of Australia
- Introduced animals that ate native plants
- Indigenous people were killed by diseases that they had little to no immunity to
- Captain Phillip abducted Indigenous people to attempt to teach them English
- Kangaroos were shot, leaving less for the Indigenous people to use for clothing and food
- 90% death rate for Indigenous people around Botany bay three years after the arrival
- Decreasing birth rates due to Indigenous people contracting STDs, rendering them infertile
- Children were taken from their parents to grow up in white families
Reasons for a White Australia
- Immigrants could accept cheaper wages and drive down wages
- Immigrants could produce goods at low prices and bring down the price of the good
- Fears that immigrants could take Australian women
- A sense of racial purity in Australia
- Fear that immigrants could introduce illicit drugs (such as opium) into Australia
- Fear that Australia could be overrun by immigrants
Reasons against a White Australia
- It’s racist
- More immigrants means more workers in areas with skill shortages.
- Racial diversity leads to more diversity in the work
Chinese immigrants - How many, why, when, what challenges did they face
~50,000 Chinese people came to Australia in the 1850s to mine for gold. They faced harsh anti-Chinese legislation and the Lambing Flat Riots
Lambing Flat Riots
Series of attacks on Chinese miners over 10 months by British miners
Afghan immigrants - How many, why, when, what challenges did they face
~2,000 to 4,000 “cameleers” came to Australia in the 1830s to aid in exploring Australia’s interior. They faced heavy discrimination due to being Muslim
South Pacific Islander immigrants - How many, why, when, what challenges did they face
~50,000 South Pacific Islanders came to Australia in the 1860s to harvest sugar cane. They faced very bad working conditions, bordering on slavery.
Japanese immigrants - How many, why, when, what challenges did they face
~6,000 Japanese came to Australia in the 1880s to dive for pearls. They faced dangers of decompression sickness and shark attacks
Invalid and Old-Age Pensions Act 1908
The government gave a pension to sick, disabled and elderly people
Examples of progressive legislation
- Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902
- Harvester Judgement 1907
- Invalid and Old-Age Pensions Act 1908
- Maternity Allowances Act 1912
Commonwealth Franchise Act 1902
Allowed white women aged over 21 to vote
Maternity Allowances Act 1912
Government paid white mothers £5 per child.
Harvester Judgment 1907
Introduced a minimum wage of 7 shillings a day
Racism in the Australian constitution
Aboriginal people were not to be included in the census
Identity of Europeans that first arrived in Australia
- Culture and customs were all very British as the migrants longed for home.
- Cricket
- Horse racing
Identity of Australians a few generations after arriving in Australia
- British customs and practices were being altered to suit the physical and social conditions of Australia
- Verandahs were added to houses
- Clothing became lighter and less fussy
- Aussie slang developed
- Accent changed
- Diet starts to change due to a change in available produce
Identity of Australians around the time of federation
- Australian Rules Football
- Melbourne Cup
- The egalitarian spirit
Reasons for Federation
- Stronger defence force
- Australians save money by not having to pay tariffs when doing business across colonial borders
- No tariffs allows for more businesses to expand across borders
- Sense of unity amongst Australians
- 1890’s Depression
Reasons against Federation
- Governments lose the money from import/export tariffs
- Victoria and New South Wales had to support the smaller colonies; they thought this would be a burden to them
- Expensive to achieve and maintain
- The colonies had different views on what laws should be allowed
