Science - Chemistry Pt.1 Flashcards
covalent prefixes
- mono
- di
- tri
- tetra
- penta
- hexa
- hepta
- octa
- nona
- deca
acid + metal =
salt + hydrogen gas
acid + carbonate =
salt + carbon dioxide gas
acid + base (neutralisation, akalii) =
salt + water
combustion
burning of a fuel in oxygen to produce energy (oxident, fuel, ignition)
combustion equation
CH4 +O2 -> CO2 + H2O
Feul + Oz -> Co2 + H2O + energy
complete combustion
fuel totally burns the oxident and fuel is usually hydrocarbon (compound made of H&C)
incomplete combustion
not enough oxygen to react with the fuel. other harmful products can be formed other than CO2 or H2O
electron configuration
istribution of electrons of an atom or molecule (or other physical structure) in atomic or molecular orbitals.
ionic bonds
atoms can either transfer or share their valence electrons.
- chemical bond that generates two oppositely charged ions
- metal loses electrons to become a positively charged cation, whereas the nonmetal accepts those electrons to become a negatively charged anion.
covalent bonds
- sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms.
- lead to stable molecules if they share electrons in such a way as to create a noble gas configuration for each atom.
- share electrons in order to achieve octet configuration and become more stable.
mass number
number of protons and neutrons in an atom, and it tells us about the mass of the atom in amu,
atomic number
atomic number is the number of protons that resides in the nucleus
mass number is the number of protons and neutrons combined.
atomic weight
the average weight of an atom of an element
molecular weight
the mass of one molecule of a substance
mass of one mole of a substance
independent variable
variable that is changed
Time is the independent variable - x axis
mole
amount of a chemical substance that contains as many elementary entities as there are atoms in exactly 12 grams of carbon-12
calculating atomic weight
atomic mass of element/12 x 12
eg. zn 65/12 x 12 = 65g
calculating molecular weight
combined mass of atoms measured in grams
eg. 2) H2SO4 = 2H + S +4O
acid
compound in which one or more H+ ions are bonded to a negative ion
- name of acid is based on the name of the negative ion that is part of the acid
polyatomic ions
carbonate : CO3 (2-)
nitrate: NO3 (-1)
nitrite: NO2 (-1)
phosphate: PO4 (3-)
phosphite: PO3 (3-)
sulfate: SO4 (2-)
sulfite: SO3 (2-)
polyatomic ions
carbonate : CO3 (2-)
nitrate: NO3 (-1)
nitrite: NO2 (-1)
phosphate: PO4 (3-)
phosphite: PO3 (3-)
sulfate: SO4 (2-)
sulfite: SO3 (2-)
hypochlorite: ClO (-1)
chromite: CrO3 (-1)
polyatomic ions
carbonate : CO3 (2-)
nitrate: NO3 (-1)
nitrite: NO2 (-1)
phosphate: PO4 (3-)
phosphite: PO3 (3-)
sulfate: SO4 (2-)
sulfite: SO3 (2-)
hypochlorite: ClO (-1)
chromite: CrO3 (-1)
compounds
formed when 2 or more elements are combined in fixed amounts
- can be made for their elements (synthesis)
- broken down into their elements (decomposition)
molecules
contain 2 or more atoms held together by chemical bonds
mixtures
impure substances - 2 or more different types of particles that can be separated using physical separation as not chemically bound
pure substances
contain only 1 type of particle (all identical), cant be separated into simpler substances using physical techniques
element
simplest type of substance, with only 1 type of atom
neutralisation
chemical reaction which an acid and a base react quantitatively with each other
-»> salt and water are mainly the products
pH scale
number scale (no unit) to indicate degree of acidity/alkalinity of a substance
acidic solution: 0-6
basic: 7
neutral solution: 8-14
active and inactive metals
active: react strongly with other substances
inactive: react weakly ‘’
test to see if hydrogen gas
pop test
bases
substances that can accept hydrogen ions from another substance other than releasing them (acid)
eg. zinc hydroxide, sodium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide
chemical indicator
visible sign when certain molecules are present (presence of an acid base)
complex compounds
OH - hyroxide (1-) SO4 - sulphate CO3 - carbonate NO3 - nitrate CH3COO - acetate (1-)
naming metal and non metals
metal first, ‘-ide’
eg. chloride
acid: hydro ___ ic acid
hydrochloride acid (HCl)
if oxgen, ‘-ite-
eg. NO2 (1-)= nitrite
acid: -ous acid
nitrous acid (HNO2)
naming non metals
first non metal, prefix for other
name ends in ‘-ide’
naming metals and complex compounds
metal and complex compound
naming ate ions
-ic
eg. nitrate
= nitric acid (HNO3)
dependent variables
variable being tested and measured
speed is the dependent variable. - y axis
