Science - Biology Pt.1

Question 1

allele

Answer 1

• variations on a gene for a particular characteristic

- alternate forms or varieties of a gene

Question 2

asexual

Answer 2

• reproduction that doesn’t involve sex
• offspring arise from a single organism, and inherit the genes of that parent only; it does not involve the fusion of gametes and almost never changes the number of chromosomes.

Question 3

cell

Answer 3

• basic unit of all living things
• smallest unit of life that can replicate independently
• consist of cytoplasm enclosed within a membrane, which contains many biomolecules such as proteins and nucleic acids.

Question 4

characteristic

Answer 4

• feature passed onto offspring

- a feature or quality belonging typically to a person, place, or thing and serving to identify them.

Question 5

chromosome

Answer 5

• threadlike structure consisting of DNA/genes, found in the cell’s nucleas
• Humans have 46 chromosomes in each somatic cell and 23 in each sex cell.

Question 6

diploid

Answer 6

• name for the normal number of chromosomes in a non-sex cell
• containing two complete sets of chromosomes, one from each parent.
• **2 SETS Not 1 which is haploid

Question 7

dominant

Answer 7

• an allele that masks the presence of a recessive allele in the phenotype
• seen in offspring

Question 8

gamete

Answer 8

• process by which organisms produce offspring
  -cell that fuses with another cell during fertilization (conception) in organisms that sexually reproduce.
  a mature haploid male or female germ cell which is able to unite with another of the opposite sex in sexual reproduction to form a zygote.

Question 9

generation

Answer 9

• offspring of the same set of parents

Question 10

genetics

Answer 10

• the study of gene structure and action and the patterns of inheritance of traits from parent to offspring.

Question 11

genotype

Answer 11

• genetic makeup of an individual

Question 12

haploid

Answer 12

• Haploid cells have half the number of chromosomes (one complete set of chromosomes)

Question 13

heterozygous

Answer 13

• having 2 kinds of allele for a particular characteristic

- cells contain two different alleles of a gene

Question 14

homozygous

Answer 14

• having the same alleles for a particular characteristic

- identical pairs of genes for any given pair of hereditary characteristics

Question 15

meiosis

Answer 15

• how sex cells reproduce

- chromosomes are copied, paired up and separated to create eggs or sperm.

Question 16

mitosis

Answer 16

• how most cells reproduce
• part of the cell cycle in which chromosomes in a cell nucleus are separated into two identical sets of chromosomes, and each set ends up in its own nucleus.

Question 17

offspring

Answer 17

progeny (children) of a plant or animal

Question 18

recessive

Answer 18

• characteristic masked by the dominant one

- masked in the phenotype by the presence of a dominant allele.

Question 19

reproduction

Answer 19

• biological process by which new individual organisms – “offspring” – are produced from their “parents”.
• undamental feature of all known life; each individual organism exists as the result

Question 20

species

Answer 20

a group of similar organisms capable of interbreeding

- basic units of biological classification and a taxonomic rank

Question 21

sperm

Answer 21

• male sex cell

Question 22

zygote

Answer 22

• result of a sperm fertilising an ovum
• cell that is formed when a sperm and an ovum combine their chromosomes at conception.
• contains the full complement of chromosomes
• potential of developing into an entire organism.

Question 23

James Watson

Answer 23

coworker with francis crick, involved in DNA research (DNA structure, Molecular Structure of Nucleic Acids)

Question 24

Gregor Mendel

Answer 24

• his laws of inheritance are the basis of modern genetics

Question 25

sex cell

Answer 25

a gamete, either a sperm or an ovum. (meiosis)

Question 26

purebred

Answer 26

offspring that are the result of mating between genetically similar kinds of parents

Question 27

proteins

Answer 27

any of a large number of complex organic molecules that are composed of one or more chains of amino acids.

Question 28

Punnett square

Answer 28

a simple graphical method of showing all of the potential combinations of offspring genotypes that can occur and their probability given the parent genotypes.

Question 29

phenotype

Answer 29

observable or detectable characteristics of an individual organism

Question 30

amino acids

Answer 30

small molecules that are the components of proteins.

Question 31

DNA

Answer 31

deoxyribonucleic acid

- a large organic molecule that stores the genetic code for the synthesis of proteins.

Question 32

genome

Answer 32

genetic material of an organism (complete set of genetic instructions)
contains all of the information needed to build that organism and allow it to grow and develop.
- the full genetic complement of an individual (or of a species).
- humans each individual possesses approximately 2.9 billion base units in their DNA.

Question 33

ovum

Answer 33

a female sex cell or gamete.

Question 34

mutation

Answer 34

an alteration of genetic material such that a new variation is produced.

Question 35

hybrids

Answer 35

offspring that are the result of mating between two genetically different kinds of parents

Question 36

gene pool

Answer 36

all of the genes in all of the individuals in a breeding population.

Question 37

gene flow

Answer 37

the transference of genes from one population to another, usually as a result of migration