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End of yr exams - yr 10 > Science - 2 > Flashcards

Science - 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What type of cell division produces 4 haploid daughter cells?

A

Meiosis

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2
Q

Where does meiosis and mitosis occur?

A

Meiosis - testes and ovaries
Mitosis - Nearly every cell

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3
Q

Where does fertilisation typically occur?

A

Fallopian tubes or oviducts

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4
Q

What are mutations and some examples?

A

Any change in the DNA sequence of a cell. Examples - UV light, Gamma rays, and cigarette smoke

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5
Q

What is and example of a diploid cell and how many chromosomes?

A

A zygote and 46 chromosomes

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6
Q

What are the three stages of a baby in utero?

A

zygote, embryo, fetus or foetus

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7
Q

What are the 5 main parts of a female reproductive system?

A

oviduct or fallopian tubes, ovary, uterus, cervix, and vagina

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8
Q

What are the male gametes
that produce sperm?

A

Testes

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9
Q

What adds fluids and nutrients to sperm to produce semen?

A

Prostate gland

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10
Q

What is the distance travelled by an object per unit of time?

A

Velocity

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11
Q

What is the number of seconds it takes for an object to travel a certain distance?

A

Time

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12
Q

What is the product of speed and time?

A

distance

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13
Q

Unit for work

A

Joules ( J )

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14
Q

Unit of power

A

Watts ( W )

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15
Q

Unit of weight

A

Newtons ( N )

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16
Q

How many chromosomes are in a normal human cell?

A

23

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17
Q

Order gene, chromosome, base pair, and nucleus from smallest to biggest

A

chromosome, base pair, gene, nucleus

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18
Q

What are the two base pairs?

A
  1. GC
  2. AT
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19
Q

what is the dependant variable?

A

What you measure/change

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20
Q

What is the independant variable?

A

Thing that stays the same

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21
Q

What is the scrotum?

A

The part outside of the testes that basically looks after it

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22
Q

why do genes and gamets half during meiosis

A

Too many chromosomes, makes sure we have 2n or diploid cells

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23
Q

who proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection

A

Charles Darwin

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24
Q

What is the order of survival of the fittest?

A

Variation, survival, adaption, reproduction, evolution

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25
Q

What is weight and mass measured in and how do you get weight (N) to mass on earth(kg)?

A

Weight - N
Mass - Kg
Weight x 10 = weight on earth

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26
Q

What / where is the line of best fit?

A

-Does not go through first and last point
-has same number of crosses on both sides of the line

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27
Q

What does a triangle mean in a formulae?

A

Change in

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28
Q

What is mitosis?

A

Mitosis is a type of cell division that results in two daughter cells with identical genetic material to the parent cell.

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29
Q

What is meiosis?

A

Meiosis is a type of cell division for sexual reproduction, resulting in four daughter cells with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. It makes sure we are all different.

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30
Q

How many chromosomes are there in a sperm cell?

A

23

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31
Q

The section of DNA that is responsible for one particular inherited trait is called a

A

Gene

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32
Q

Where and what are the forces called pulling the object downwards and upwards?

A

Support force (up), weight force (down)

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33
Q

What are thread-like structures that contain genes in the nucleus called?

A

Chromosomes

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34
Q

What are gametes?

A

Gametes are sex cells (sperm in males, eggs in females) that fuse during fertilization, creating a zygote with a complete set of chromosomes from both parents.

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35
Q

unit for mass

A

kg

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36
Q

Dominant allele meaning?

A

the relationship between two versions of a gene

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37
Q

Recessive allele meaning?

A

the relationship between an observed trait and the two inherited versions of a gene related to that trait

38
Q

What are testes?

A

Where sperm and testosterone is made

39
Q

What are sperm ducts?

A

Transfers mature sperm to urethra in preparation for ejaculation

40
Q

What is a prostate gland?

A

Makes seminal fluid that contains nutrients to keep sperm healthy

41
Q

What is uretha?

A

The tube through which urine and semen exit the body

42
Q

What is penis?

A

The male external sex organ

43
Q

What are ovaries?

A

Stores and releases eggs (ovum - plural = ova)

44
Q

What are oviducts?

A

Connects ovary to the uterus
Where fertilisation occurs

45
Q

What is a uterus?

A

Where the foetus develops

46
Q

What is a cervix?

A

Opening between uterus and vagina

47
Q

What is a vagina ?

A

Tube that runs between cervix and the vulva (external female sex organ)

48
Q

What are gametes?

A

A gamete is a male/female sex cell that can fertilise during sexual reproduction to form a zygote
eg. Male - sperm, Female - ovum/egg

49
Q

What is the development from a zygote ?

A

to an embryo and then a fotus

50
Q

Where is the location of DNA?

A

Genes in a cell

51
Q

o

A
52
Q

What is a mutation?

A

A change in genetic code

53
Q

Brief description of cells

A

All cells (expect gametes) have 2 genes / allels for each characteristic

54
Q

What is variation and what causes it?

A

Genes and environment

55
Q

Describe mitosis

A

normal cell devision (genetically identical)

56
Q

Describe meiosis

A

cell division important for sexual reproduction

57
Q

Describe the two types of variation

A

discrete and continuous in answer

58
Q

Define evolution

A

cumulative change in the heritable characteristics of a population over time

59
Q

What is the importance of variation as a key feature of natural selection?

A

mutations, environmental influences, genes/different allels (dominant or reccessive), meiosis

60
Q

Explain evolution

A

evolution led to diversification of species like a tree, not a ladder

61
Q

What happens during fertilisation?

A

The fusing of gametes
The sperm’s nucleus fuses with the egg’s nucleus to form a zygote
Occurs in the fallopian tube

62
Q

Describe Embryo development

A

Zygote travels down the fallopian tube
Divides to become an embryo and implants in uterine wall
Placenta/Umbilical cord provides oxygen and nutrients to the foetus, and removes CO₂
Foetus develops; exits through vagina

63
Q

describe haploid cells

A

Contains 1 set of chromosomes (23)
Produced by meiosis
n (only one type)
gametes (eg. sperm/ovum)

64
Q

describe diploid cells

A

Contains 2 sets of chromosomes (46)
Produced by mitosis
2n (one from mother, one from father)
body cells (eg. skin, liver, lungs)

65
Q

Show the link between DNA, genes and chromosomes

A

The DNA double helix coils up to form a chromosome, each chromosome contains a number of genes

66
Q

State the location of DNA/genes in a cell

A

DNA is mainly found in the nucleus of a cell
Multiple genes are found in a chromosome, which is formed by coiled up DNA

67
Q

Give a brief description of DNA

A

molecule that carries our genes

68
Q

Explain what the human genome is

A

Genome is all of an organism’s DNA, so a human genome is all of someone’s DNA

69
Q

Explain the importance of DNA making exact copies of itself

A

Ensures for the exact replication of genetic information, preserving genetic traits

70
Q

Define a mutation as a change in genetic code

A

A permanent change in the base sequence of DNA
Can lead to the formation of new alleles, which result in different proteins being produced

71
Q

Give examples of mutations

A

Cystic Fibrosis, Haemophilia, Sickle Cell Disease

72
Q

List the causes of mutations

A

UV radiation, chemicals, diet, solar radiation

73
Q

Give examples of how mutations can be useful or harmful

A

Mutations can be useful in humans for stuff like disease resistance, but can be harmful due to things like cancer, sickle cell disease, haemophilia etc.
Mutations also allow a species to adapt to an enviroment

74
Q

Define Genotype

A

For every gene, an organism inherits an allele from each parent. These might be the same, or might be different
An organism’s genotype is the set of alleles that it carries - normally represented by upper/lowercase letters

75
Q

Define phenotype

A

An organism’s phenotype is its physical characteristics
Phenotype is the expression of the organism’s genotype

76
Q

What do all cells except gametes have?

A

All cells have 2 genes for each characteristic - one from the mother and one from the father

77
Q

Deference between dominant and recessive allels?

A

If you have a dominant allele, it will always show up in your phenotype Recessive alleles will only how in your phenotype if there is no dominant allele present

78
Q

what is Homozygous DOMINANT genotype (TT)

A

Where alleles from both parents are dominant (homo means same)

79
Q

what is Heterozygous genotype (Tt)

A

Even though you have a recessive allele in this genotype, the dominant allele trumps over the recessive allele.

80
Q

what is. Homozygous RECESSIVE genotype (tt)

A

Where alleles from both parents are recessive

81
Q

What is variation?

A

Variation is the differences between individuals. It is caused by an individual’s genes and environment
eg. diet, culture, pollution

82
Q

Describe discrete variation

A

distinct categories
usually represented by a bar graph
eg. blood groups (A, B, AB, O), tongue rolling (yes/no)

83
Q

Describe continuous variation

A

No distinct categories
Usually represented by a line graph
eg. height, weight, heart rate

84
Q

Describe mitosis

A

A process of nuclear reproduction in body cells that produces two daughter cells that are genetically identical to the parent cell.

85
Q

Describe meiosis

A

A process of reduction division in which the chromosome number is halved from diploid to haploid, resulting in genetically different cells.
Meiosis is used to produce gametes

86
Q

Define evolution

A

The change in adaptive features of a population over time as the result of natural selection

87
Q

explain selective breeding

A

Involves humans choosing organisms with desirable characteristics to breed together and produce offspring with more desirable characteristics.

88
Q

What is Natural selection

A

When organisms that are fitter tend to survive and produce more offspring, passing their alleles onto the next generation

89
Q

Explain that evolution led to diversification of species like a tree, not a ladder

A

Species evolve from a common ancestor, not linearly

90
Q

What is Evolutionary fitness

A

Natural variation means that some individuals are more successful than others
They have inherited features (adaptations) that increase their fitness

91
Q

describe fitness

A

probability of surviving and reproducing in environment in which organisms are found

92
Q

what is scientific theory?

A

Explanation for a particular phenomenon, supported by evidence

End of yr exams - yr 10 (16 decks)

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