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Neuroscience > Schizophrenia > Flashcards

Schizophrenia Flashcards

1
Q

A psychological disorder in which patients experience a loss of contact with reality

A

Psychosis

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2
Q

What is Schizophrenia ?

A

A classified psychotic disorder which produces disturbances in perception of reality, interpersonal relations, social integration, cognition, and mood

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3
Q

What is the prevalence of Schizophrenia?

A

Affects 1 in 100 people

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4
Q

Schizophrenia is highly comorbid with ________, anxiety _______, and/or ________

A

Depression
Anxiety
Substance Use

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5
Q

Why did Eugen Bleuler coin the term schizophrenia - which means Split Mind?

A

Different components of the individuals mind become disconnected from each other and reality in general

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6
Q

Behavioral excess or symptoms not experienced by non-affected individuals

A

Positive Symptoms

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7
Q

Behavioral deficits or impairments

A

Negative Symptoms

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8
Q

Erratic changes in speech, motor behavior, and emotions

A

Disorganized Symptoms

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9
Q

Strongly held beliefs despite overwhelming evidence to the contrary

A

Delusions

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10
Q

What are Bizarre Delusions?

A

Clearly implausible and not understandable

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11
Q

What are Non-Bizarre Delusions?

A

Delusions that are false but at least possible

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12
Q

What are Persecutory Delusions?

A

A belief that the individual is being unfairly targeted, followed, harassed, cheated, drugged, conspired against, spied on, attacked, or otherwise obstructed in the pursuit of their goals

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13
Q

Perceptions in the absence of an actual sensory stimulus

A

Hallucination

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14
Q

What is the most common hallucination is schizophrenia?

A

Auditory hallucinations

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15
Q

What are some of the Negative symptoms of schizophrenia? (The A’s)

A

Apathy or Avolition - lack of interest/motivation

Autism - tendency to keep to oneself, no interest in people/surroundings (not the disorder)

Anhedonia - Inability to enjoy or indifference toward pleasurable activity

Affect Flattening - reduction in range/intensity of emotional expression

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16
Q

What are some of the Disorganized symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Cognitive Difficulties - planning/learning/focusing

Disorganized Speech - impair effective communication

Inappropriate Affect - emotions not appropriate for current situation

Motoric Changes - unpredictable movement, agitation, and catatonic immobility

17
Q

What are some catatonic behaviors exhibited by schizophrenics patients?

A

Decrease in reaction to surrounding environment

General motionless and apparent unawareness

Rigid or bizarre postures

18
Q

DSM-5 Requirements for diagnosing schizophrenia?

A

Must demonstrate at least 2 of the symptoms for a minimum of 6 months (including 1 month consecutively)
Must show at least one of the first three symptoms
Must rule out - mood disorder, substance use, other medical conditions

19
Q

What are the five DSM-5 symptoms that characterize Schizophrenia?

A 
Delusions
Hallucinations
Disorganized Speech
Disorganized or Catatonic Behavior
Negative Symptoms
20
Q

The first appearance of psychotic symptoms in a patient, usually when diagnosing occurs, is known as?

A

A Psychotic Break

21
Q

The amount of _______ shared with an affected family member is directly related to one’s risk of developing schizophrenia

A

DNA

22
Q

People born in ____________ months have a 5-8% increased risk of developing schizophrenia

A

winter/early spring

23
Q

There is strong correlational evidence linking prenatal infection and the development of schizophrenia in offspring, what are some of the types of infection involved?

A

Flu Infection
Rubella Infection
Taxoplasma Gondii Antibodies

24
Q

Stress is a significant contributing factor to schizophrenia in regards to:

A

Overall risk of developing schizophrenia

As a precipitating factor in those who are susceptible

25
Q

What are the most consistent neuroanatomical findings in schizophrenia?

A

Reduction in brain weight

Enlargement of the ventricles

26
Q

What are some of the symptoms of reduced brain weight in schizophrenic patients?

A

Frontal and temporal lobe volume - cognitive and language deficits

Basal ganglia volume - reduced emotional control and motoric changes

Hippocampal volume - learning and memory deficits

27
Q

There appears to be abnormal cellular organization in the schizophrenic brain, what does this suggest?

A

A developmental origin for the disease

The symptomatic disorganization reported may actually reflect literal cellular disorganization within the brain

28
Q

What does the Dopamine Hypothesis of Schizophrenia propose?

A

That symptoms of schizophrenia are due to excess activity of dopamine

29
Q

_________ of the mesolimbic connections (VTA -> NAc and VTA -> Hippo) results in overstimulation of the D2 receptors which results in ________ symptoms

A

Hyperactivity

Positive

30
Q

________ of the mesocortical connections (VTA -> PFC) results in under-stimulation of the D1 receptors which results in ________ and ________ symptoms

A

Hypoactivity

Negative and Cognitive

31
Q

Conventional antipsychotics are used to treat which type of symptoms and what is an example?

A

Positive Symptoms

Haldol

32
Q

How do Conventional Antipsychotic work?

A

Block dopamine D2 receptors

33
Q

Atypical antipsychotics are used to treat which type of symptoms and what is an example?

A

Positive and Negative

Seroquel

34
Q

How do Atypical Antipsychotics work?

A

Weakly block D2 receptors as well as block serotonin 5-HT2 receptors

35
Q

What are some side effects of antipsychotic medication?

A

Hyperprolactinemia - breast development and milk production

Extrapyramidal Symptoms -muscle spasms, restlessness, rigidity, tardive dyskinesia (TD)

Neuroleptic Malignant Syndrome - muscle stiffness, difficulty breathing, altered mental status, renal failure, dehydration, etc.

36
Q

Involuntary movement reminiscent of Parkinson’s Disease, often permanent

A

Tardive Dyskinesia

37
Q

Process which leads to neuronal damage and/or death

A

Neurodegeneration

38
Q

Treatment to improve neurocognitive abilities

A

Cognitive Remediation

Neuroscience (12 decks)

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