Anxiety

Question 1

What is Fear?

Answer 1

An immediate alarm to present danger, characterized by a strong motivation to escape

Question 2

What is Anxiety?

Answer 2

A mood state arising from the expectation of a future threat that is perceived as uncontrollable or unavoidable

Question 3

Fear activates the ______ axis to bring about the fight-or-flight resposnse

Answer 3

SAM - Sympatho-Adreno-Medullary

Question 4

What is characterized as a chronic mood state and cognitive process which is a response to a perceived future threat ?

Answer 4

Anxiety

Question 5

what is characterized as a brief, automatic, emotional response to a imminent threat which results in intense autonomic arousal as a survival instinct ?

Answer 5

Fear

Question 6

_______ is a normal and appropriate reaction to stressful situations

Answer 6

Anxiety

Question 7

Anxiety _______ are when anxious feelings become so frequent or intense that they begin to take over an individuals life

Answer 7

Disorders

Question 8

Individuals with anxiety disorders are at high risk of committing _____

Answer 8

Suicide

Question 9

What are anxiety disorders most commonly comorbid with?

Answer 9

Depression

Question 10

What is a panic attack?

Answer 10

An abrupt surge of intense fear or discomfort

Question 11

What can most physical symptoms of panic attacks be attributed to?

Answer 11

Activation of the Sympathetic Nervous System

Question 12

What is a panic disorder?

Answer 12

An anxiety attack in which panic attacks occur repeatedly without warning or a clear relation to external stimuli

Question 13

What is it called when someone dreads the possibility of a future panic attack, which can lead to withdrawal from society and even cause more panic attacks?

Answer 13

Anticipatory Anxiety

Question 14

What is a Phobia?

Answer 14

Anxiety disorder characterized by panic attacks directed at a specific object or situation

Question 15

What is the most common anxiety disorder?

Answer 15

Phobia

Question 16

What is social phobia?

Answer 16

Fear of being involved in society

Question 17

What Agoraphobia?

Answer 17

Fear of being in public spaces

Question 18

How doe most people attempt to control their phobias?

Answer 18

By avoiding triggering objects or situations

Question 19

What area of the brain is responsible for emotional and motivated behaviours and becomes activated in times of fear?

Answer 19

Amygdala

Question 20

What structure does the amygdala output to and what this structure regulate?

Answer 20

Hypothalamus 
Stress response (SAM and HPA)

Question 21

The amygdala’s fast response to a stimulus occurs via the _________ and happens before we even know what it is we are afraid of

Answer 21

Thalamus

Question 22

The amygdala’s slow response occurs as input from a fearful stimulus is relayed from the _______ to the _______ where it is processed, allowing you to identify the threat and response accordingly

Answer 22

Thalamus

Cortex

Question 23

The _____ is our conscious control over anxiety and is involved in the final stages of reacting to danger by planning course of action required to address the situation

Answer 23

PFC

Question 24

Brain image studies on individuals with panic disorders reveal increased activation in the ___________ and ___________

Answer 24

Cingulate Cortex and Parahippocampal Gryus

Question 25

What functions are the Cingulate Cortex and Parahippocampal Gyrus involved in?

Answer 25

Learning and Memory - particularly avoidance and fear learning

Question 26

Brain image studies on individuals with panic disorders often show hypersensitivity in the ___________

Answer 26

Amygdala

Question 27

What is hypersensitivity in the Amygdala tied with?

Answer 27

Enhanced response to anxiety-provoking stimuli

Question 28

Brain image studies on individuals with panic disorders often reveal decreased activity in the ___________

Answer 28

PFC

Question 29

What does loss of activity in the PFC during panic attacks explain?

Answer 29

Confusion Disorientation Aggressive Behaviour

Question 30

Overall excessive excitatory _______ may enhance anxiety

Answer 30

Neurotransmission

Question 31

What is exposure therapy?

Answer 31

An effective treatment for phobias which involves exposing patient to fear in small graduated increments in a safe and reassuring setting

Question 32

What is the basis for Exposure Therapy?

Answer 32

Extinction

Question 33

What is Extinction?

Answer 33

A process through which a stimulus that initially triggered a fear response gradually loses this effect as the trigger/reaction association is unlearned

Question 34

Increased ________ through Exposure Therapy involves reduced reaction with repeated exposure to the trigger

Answer 34

Habituation

Question 35

Increased _________ through Exposure Therapy involves increased belief in one's ability to manage their emotional responses

Answer 35

Self-Efficacy

Question 36

Increased ______ _______ through exposure Therapy involves becoming more comfortable with experiencing fear and learning to attach belief's to the fear

Answer 36

Emotional Processing

Question 37

What is characterized by persistently high levels of anxiety and worry occurring more days than not for at least 6 months

Answer 37

Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

Question 38

What are common Psychological symptoms of GAD?

Answer 38

Feelings of fear, uneasiness, or worry Problems concentrating Rumination Irritable

Question 39

What are common Physiological symptoms of GAD?

Answer 39

Restlessness Muscular Tension Fatigue Disturbed sleep

Question 40

Expression of ______ receptors, which allow for sensing stress hormones, are altered in individuals with anxiety

Answer 40

Glucocorticoid

Question 41

Individuals with GAD display reduced responsiveness to ____________ activation

Answer 41

Sympathetic Nervous System

Question 42

Worry appears to increase _______ activation

Answer 42

Parasympathetic Nervous System

Question 43

Individuals with GAD show increased activation of the _____ lobes in response to stressful stimuli and the _______ in anticipation of it

Answer 43

Frontal | Amygdala

Question 44

GAD is an _____ based disorder which leads to increased ______ activity and reduced ______ activity

Answer 44

Anxiety PFC Sympathetic NS

Question 45

Panic Disorder is a _____ based disorder which leads to decreased ______ activity and increased _______ and _______ activity (during panic attack)

Answer 45

Fear PFC Limbic Sympathetic NS

Question 46

What is the most effective form of psychotherapy for treating Anxiety disorders?

Answer 46

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT)

Question 47

What are drugs used to treat anxiety called?

Answer 47

Anxiolytics

Question 48

Since excessive excitatory ______ is thought to enhance anxiety, most drugs to treat it increase ______ signalling

Answer 48

Neurotransmission | Inhibitory

Question 49

What is the principal inhibitory NT in the brain?

Answer 49

GABA

Question 50

What are two examples of Sedative Hypnotics?

Answer 50

Barbiturates | Alcohol

Question 51

Which drug maximizes pore opening in the presence of GABA leading to hyperpolarization of the cell and suppression of neurotransmission?

Answer 51

Barbiturates

Question 52

What are three examples of Benzodiazepines?

Answer 52

Xanax, Valium, Ativan

Question 53

Which drug is a GABA receptor agonist which increases frequency of pore opening when GABA is present thereby increasing inhibitory signalling?

Answer 53

Benzodiazepines

Question 54

What is an example of a SSRI?

Answer 54

Prozac

Question 55

Which drug prevents serotonin reuptake leading to increased serotonin in the synapse?

Answer 55

SSRI