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Neuroscience > Depression > Flashcards

Depression Flashcards

1
Q

Psychological disorders characterized by pathological extremes of certain moods.

A

Mood Disorders

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2
Q

When mood is elevated to the point of euphoria and impairs daily functioning

A

Mania

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3
Q

Bipolar Disorder is characterized by one or more ______ episodes accompanied by periods of _______

A

Manic

Depression

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4
Q

Which sex is more affected by bipolar disorder?

A

Neither, they are both affected equally

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5
Q

What are some Emotional symptoms of a Manic Episode?

A

Elated
Euphoric
Very sociable
Impatient

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6
Q

What are some Cognitive symptoms of a Manic Episode

A 
Racing thoughts
Desire for action
Impulsive
Talkative
Delusions of Grandeur
Self-confident
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7
Q

What are some Motor symptoms of a Manic Episode?

A 
Hyperactive
Tireless
Require less sleep
Increased sex dress
Fluctuating appetite
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8
Q

What are some Emotional symptoms of a Depressive Episode?

A

Gloomy
Hopeless
Socially withdrawn
Irritable

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9
Q

What are some Cognitive symptoms of a Depressive Episode?

A 
Slowness of thought
Worrying
Indecisive
Negative self-image
Self-blame
Guilt
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10
Q

What are some Motor symptoms of a Depressive Episode?

A 
Less active
Tired
Difficulty sleeping
Decreased sex drive
Decreased appetite
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11
Q

Depression occurs on a _____

A

Spectrum

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12
Q

On average, how long does untreated depression last?

A

9 Months

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13
Q

Sadness is an ________ pain that we must wait out - ______ occurs when we loose sight of its time limited nature and move into a state of learned __________

A

Emotional
Depression
Helplessness

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14
Q

Depression can be categorized as:

A

Mild (some difficulties with daily activities)

Moderate

Severe (Unable to continue with daily activities)

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15
Q

What is MDD?

A

Major Depressive Disorder

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16
Q

What is MDD characterized by?

A

Periods of sustained sorrowful mood
Feelings of guilt
Sense of worthlessness
Anhedonia

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17
Q

What daily functions are affected by MDD?

A

Thought - difficulty concentrating or decision making

Sleep - insomnia or fatigue

Appetite

Libido - decrease

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18
Q

What is commonly comorbid with MDD?

A

Anxiety
Substance abuse disorder
Medical illness

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19
Q

Depression is the most common _______ disorder

A

Psychiatric

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20
Q

____% of people will experience depression in their life

A

Twenty

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21
Q

Which sex is roughly twice as likely to suffer from depression?

A

Female

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22
Q

What is the generally accepted cause of depression?

A

Complex interaction of social, psychological, and biological factors

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23
Q

The pathology and symptomatology of depression include many __________ loops (psychological and molecular) which contribute to the disease

A

Feedback

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24
Q

There is a significant _____ component to depression - which likely dictates susceptibility (not cause)

A

Inherited / Genetic

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25
Q

What are some genes that have been associated with depression?

A

Serotonin receptors
Serotonin Transporters
BDNF (brain-derived nerve factor growth)

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26
Q

What is the most effective treatment for depression?

A

A combination of psychotherapy (CBT) and SSRI

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27
Q

What are the main drugs used to treat depression?

A

SSR

SNRI

TCA (Tricyclic
Antidepressant)

MAOI (Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors)

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28
Q

What is CBT

A

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy

29
Q

What is the goal of CBT?

A

To help clients recognize and change negative thought processes - Learn new coping skills

30
Q

Depressed individuals have reduced activity of the _____ allowing the _____ and emotions to go unchecked

A

PFC (self-control, planning)

Amygdala (emotional processing)

31
Q

How does CBT work on the brain?

A

Helps increase activity in PFC so it can exert top-down control over the amygdala and keep emotional responses in check

32
Q

What does the Monoamine Hypothesis of Depression propose?

A

That the neuroanatomical basis for depression is decreased availability of noradrenaline and serotonin

33
Q

Monoamine Hypothesis Evidence:
_________ and __________ systems (which regulate emotion, mood, attention, reward, sleep, appetite and cognition) are affected by depression

A

Serotonergic

Noradrenergic

34
Q

The fact that treatments which increase monoamines in the synapse decrease depressive symptoms - supports which theory of depression?

A

Monoamine Hypothesis

35
Q

What is the goal of Pharmacological treatment for depression?

A

Increase neurotransmitters at the synapse

36
Q

What is MAO?

A

Monoamine oxidase - an enzyme which degrades (destroys) monoamine NTs (dopamine, serotonin, noradrenaline)

37
Q

How do MAOIs work?

A

Block MAO from degrading monoamines

38
Q

What are NT transporters?

A

Transmembrane proteins which act to remove NT from the synapse

39
Q

What do Reuptake Inhibitors (such as SSRIs) do?

A

Block NT transporter proteins leading to increases presence of NT in synapse

40
Q

How do TCAs work?

A

Block reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine

41
Q

What is an SSRI?

A

Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor

Example: Prozac

42
Q

What is an NRI?

A

Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor

Example: Vestra

43
Q

What is an SNRI?

A

Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor

Example: Effexor

44
Q

What are some potential side effects of pharmacological treatment for depression?

A 
Increased anxiety
Sexual dysfunction
Weight gain
Dry mouth
Blurred vision
Memory impairment
45
Q

_____ evidence that low levels of NT cause depression

A

Little

46
Q

What does the Neuroplasticity Theory of Depression propose?

A

Depression occurs as a result of decreased neuroplasticity

47
Q

Neuroplasticity Theory of Depression Evidence:

Several brain regions, including the hippocampus, show ______ volume in depressed patients

A

Reduced

48
Q

Neuroplasticity Theory of Depression Evidence:

Antidepressants have been shown to increase _________

A

Neurogenesis

49
Q

Neuroplasticity Theory of Depression Evidence:

_______ is down-regulated in response to stress and antidepressants up-regulate ______

A

BDNF

50
Q

What does the Immune Hypothesis of Depression Propose?

A

Proposes that immune reaction plays a causal role in the origin of depression

51
Q

Evidence for the Immune Hypothesis of Depression:

Depressed patients have _______ levels of Cytokines

A

Higher

52
Q

Evidence for the Immune Hypothesis of Depression:

Patients treated with _________ show depressive symptoms, which ceases when treatment ends

A

Cytokine

53
Q

Evidence for the Immune Hypothesis of Depression:

Cytokine signalling in the brain alters neuronal function and activates the _____ axis

A

HPA

54
Q

What does the Gluccocorticoid Hypothesis of Depression propose?

A

Proposes that dysfunctional regulation of the HPA axis in the stress response plays a key role in causing depression

55
Q

The first depressive episode is most likely _______ - triggered by important stressors

A

Reactive

56
Q

Subsequent depressive episodes become increasingly _________ - triggered by minor stressors and occur spontaneously

A

Endogenous

57
Q

Gluccocorticoid Hypothesis of Depression Evidence:

Abnormal regulation of the ______ _____ is one of the most consistent findings in depressed patients

A

HPA axis

58
Q

Depressed people display Hypercortisolemia - which is elevated levels of _______ - chronic stress can lead to over secretion

A

Cortisol

59
Q

Dysfunction of the _______ could explain aspects of all the main theories of depression:

Alter NT receptor level - decreased neurotransmission
Decrease Neurogenesis
Decrease BDNF levels
Activation of the sickness response

A

HPA axis

60
Q

Resistant depression treatment that acts as a NMDA receptor antagonist, blocking the binding of glutamate to its receptors

A

Ketamine

61
Q

Resistant Depression treatment which induces controlled seizures while patient is anesthetized

A

Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)

62
Q

Major side effect of ECT?

A

Memory loss

63
Q

Resistant Depression treatment which induces an electric current in the brain using a magnet over the scalp

A

Transmagnetic Stimulation (TMS)

64
Q

What is Broadmann’s Area 25?

A

Subcallosal Cingulate Area

65
Q

What five areas is BA 25 connected to?

A 
Amygdala
OFC
MFC
Hippocampus
Hypothalamus
66
Q

What do PET studies show in BA 25 in depressed patients?

A

Hyperactivity

67
Q

Surgical implantation of electrodes which release small electric pulses to specific brain regions

A

Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)

68
Q

Define: Hypercortisolemia

A

High amounts of circulating cortisol

69
Q

Define: CBT

A

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy - Psychotherapy which acts to improve coping skills by helping patients recognize and change negative thoughts

Neuroscience (12 decks)

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