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Depression Flashcards

1
Q

Psychological disorders characterized by pathological extremes of certain moods.

A

Mood Disorders

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2
Q

When mood is elevated to the point of euphoria and impairs daily functioning

A

Mania

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3
Q

Bipolar Disorder is characterized by one or more ______ episodes accompanied by periods of _______

A

Manic

Depression

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4
Q

Which sex is more affected by bipolar disorder?

A

Neither, they are both affected equally

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5
Q

What are some Emotional symptoms of a Manic Episode?

A

Elated
Euphoric
Very sociable
Impatient

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6
Q

What are some Cognitive symptoms of a Manic Episode

A 
Racing thoughts
Desire for action
Impulsive
Talkative
Delusions of Grandeur
Self-confident
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7
Q

What are some Motor symptoms of a Manic Episode?

A 
Hyperactive
Tireless
Require less sleep
Increased sex dress
Fluctuating appetite
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8
Q

What are some Emotional symptoms of a Depressive Episode?

A

Gloomy
Hopeless
Socially withdrawn
Irritable

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9
Q

What are some Cognitive symptoms of a Depressive Episode?

A 
Slowness of thought
Worrying
Indecisive
Negative self-image
Self-blame
Guilt
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10
Q

What are some Motor symptoms of a Depressive Episode?

A 
Less active
Tired
Difficulty sleeping
Decreased sex drive
Decreased appetite
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11
Q

Depression occurs on a _____

A

Spectrum

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12
Q

On average, how long does untreated depression last?

A

9 Months

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13
Q

Sadness is an ________ pain that we must wait out - ______ occurs when we loose sight of its time limited nature and move into a state of learned __________

A

Emotional
Depression
Helplessness

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14
Q

Depression can be categorized as:

A

Mild (some difficulties with daily activities)

Moderate

Severe (Unable to continue with daily activities)

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15
Q

What is MDD?

A

Major Depressive Disorder

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16
Q

What is MDD characterized by?

A

Periods of sustained sorrowful mood
Feelings of guilt
Sense of worthlessness
Anhedonia

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17
Q

What daily functions are affected by MDD?

A

Thought - difficulty concentrating or decision making

Sleep - insomnia or fatigue

Appetite

Libido - decrease

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18
Q

What is commonly comorbid with MDD?

A

Anxiety
Substance abuse disorder
Medical illness

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19
Q

Depression is the most common _______ disorder

A

Psychiatric

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20
Q

____% of people will experience depression in their life

A

Twenty

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21
Q

Which sex is roughly twice as likely to suffer from depression?

A

Female

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22
Q

What is the generally accepted cause of depression?

A

Complex interaction of social, psychological, and biological factors

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23
Q

The pathology and symptomatology of depression include many __________ loops (psychological and molecular) which contribute to the disease

A

Feedback

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24
Q

There is a significant _____ component to depression - which likely dictates susceptibility (not cause)

A

Inherited / Genetic

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25
What are some genes that have been associated with depression?
Serotonin receptors Serotonin Transporters BDNF (brain-derived nerve factor growth)
26
What is the most effective treatment for depression?
A combination of psychotherapy (CBT) and SSRI
27
What are the main drugs used to treat depression?
SSR SNRI TCA (Tricyclic Antidepressant) MAOI (Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors)
28
What is CBT
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy
29
What is the goal of CBT?
To help clients recognize and change negative thought processes - Learn new coping skills
30
Depressed individuals have reduced activity of the _____ allowing the _____ and emotions to go unchecked
PFC (self-control, planning) Amygdala (emotional processing)
31
How does CBT work on the brain?
Helps increase activity in PFC so it can exert top-down control over the amygdala and keep emotional responses in check
32
What does the Monoamine Hypothesis of Depression propose?
That the neuroanatomical basis for depression is decreased availability of noradrenaline and serotonin
33
Monoamine Hypothesis Evidence: _________ and __________ systems (which regulate emotion, mood, attention, reward, sleep, appetite and cognition) are affected by depression
Serotonergic | Noradrenergic
34
The fact that treatments which increase monoamines in the synapse decrease depressive symptoms - supports which theory of depression?
Monoamine Hypothesis
35
What is the goal of Pharmacological treatment for depression?
Increase neurotransmitters at the synapse
36
What is MAO?
Monoamine oxidase - an enzyme which degrades (destroys) monoamine NTs (dopamine, serotonin, noradrenaline)
37
How do MAOIs work?
Block MAO from degrading monoamines
38
What are NT transporters?
Transmembrane proteins which act to remove NT from the synapse
39
What do Reuptake Inhibitors (such as SSRIs) do?
Block NT transporter proteins leading to increases presence of NT in synapse
40
How do TCAs work?
Block reuptake of norepinephrine, serotonin, and dopamine
41
What is an SSRI?
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitor Example: Prozac
42
What is an NRI?
Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor Example: Vestra
43
What is an SNRI?
Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitor Example: Effexor
44
What are some potential side effects of pharmacological treatment for depression?
``` Increased anxiety Sexual dysfunction Weight gain Dry mouth Blurred vision Memory impairment ```
45
_____ evidence that low levels of NT cause depression
Little
46
What does the Neuroplasticity Theory of Depression propose?
Depression occurs as a result of decreased neuroplasticity
47
Neuroplasticity Theory of Depression Evidence: Several brain regions, including the hippocampus, show ______ volume in depressed patients
Reduced
48
Neuroplasticity Theory of Depression Evidence: Antidepressants have been shown to increase _________
Neurogenesis
49
Neuroplasticity Theory of Depression Evidence: _______ is down-regulated in response to stress and antidepressants up-regulate ______
BDNF
50
What does the Immune Hypothesis of Depression Propose?
Proposes that immune reaction plays a causal role in the origin of depression
51
Evidence for the Immune Hypothesis of Depression: Depressed patients have _______ levels of Cytokines
Higher
52
Evidence for the Immune Hypothesis of Depression: Patients treated with _________ show depressive symptoms, which ceases when treatment ends
Cytokine
53
Evidence for the Immune Hypothesis of Depression: Cytokine signalling in the brain alters neuronal function and activates the _____ axis
HPA
54
What does the Gluccocorticoid Hypothesis of Depression propose?
Proposes that dysfunctional regulation of the HPA axis in the stress response plays a key role in causing depression
55
The first depressive episode is most likely _______ - triggered by important stressors
Reactive
56
Subsequent depressive episodes become increasingly _________ - triggered by minor stressors and occur spontaneously
Endogenous
57
Gluccocorticoid Hypothesis of Depression Evidence: Abnormal regulation of the ______ _____ is one of the most consistent findings in depressed patients
HPA axis
58
Depressed people display Hypercortisolemia - which is elevated levels of _______ - chronic stress can lead to over secretion
Cortisol
59
Dysfunction of the _______ could explain aspects of all the main theories of depression: Alter NT receptor level - decreased neurotransmission Decrease Neurogenesis Decrease BDNF levels Activation of the sickness response
HPA axis
60
Resistant depression treatment that acts as a NMDA receptor antagonist, blocking the binding of glutamate to its receptors
Ketamine
61
Resistant Depression treatment which induces controlled seizures while patient is anesthetized
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
62
Major side effect of ECT?
Memory loss
63
Resistant Depression treatment which induces an electric current in the brain using a magnet over the scalp
Transmagnetic Stimulation (TMS)
64
What is Broadmann's Area 25?
Subcallosal Cingulate Area
65
What five areas is BA 25 connected to?
``` Amygdala OFC MFC Hippocampus Hypothalamus ```
66
What do PET studies show in BA 25 in depressed patients?
Hyperactivity
67
Surgical implantation of electrodes which release small electric pulses to specific brain regions
Deep Brain Stimulation (DBS)
68
Define: Hypercortisolemia
High amounts of circulating cortisol
69
Define: CBT
Cognitive Behavioural Therapy - Psychotherapy which acts to improve coping skills by helping patients recognize and change negative thoughts

Neuroscience (12 decks)

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