Exercise Flashcards
Cognitive exercise, higher levels of education, and certain occupations which require mental acuity are all associated with . . .
Delayed loss of cognition in normal aging and a decreased risk of dementia
Physical exercise can have a significant positive impact on _______ health
Brain
Any bodily activity that maintains or improves physical fitness, health and wellness
Exercise
What are ways you can measure physical fitness, health, and wellness?
Balance Bone density Strength Endurance Lipid Profiles Blood Pressure Cardiovascular Health
What is a result of the fact that only about 15% of adults manage the minimum required physical activity per week and 59% of Canadian adults are overweight?
Raising rates of type 2 Diabetes, Heart and Circulatory disease
What is a result of the lack of children getting enough exercise?
Earlier onset of chronic diseases of obesity
Performance on standardized tests for ______ and _____ are particularly correlated with aerobic fitness
Math
Reading
Which brain region are involved in Mathematics?
PFC
IntraParietal Sulcus
Which brain region are involved in Reading?
PFC
Posterior Cingulate Cortex
Which brain region is activated when you do Aerobic Exercise?
Network connecting frontal lobe and parietal lobe
______ performance and _____ ability in youth have been positively correlated with health and fitness
Cognitive
Academic
What is the main problem with research related to mental ability and physical fitness?
There are only a few studies that have used true experimental designs - most of our data is from historical reporting
What cognitive functions in adult showed the most improvement from exercise?
Executive functioning
Working memory
Which area of the adult brain shows decreased activation as a result of aerobic exercise?
Anterior Cingulate Cortex (emotional response)
Which area of the adult brain shows increased activation as a result of aerobic exercise?
PFC and Parietal Cortex (executive function and control over limbic system)
Exercise increases ____-_____ control by the PFC over emotional centres
Top-Down
Exercise naturally releases ______ which is associated with improved mood
Endorphins
Exercise has been reported to have positive effects on _____ symptoms: its effects are equal to ______ therapy.
Depressive
Cognitive
Overly high levels of exercise and overtraining are associated with chronic activation of the ______ axis: This can contribute to higher rates of mood and _____ disorders in Athletes
HPA
Anxiety
Athletes often exist in a state of ______ which is associated with neurobiological changes including metabolic disruption affecting levels of _________
Fatigue
Neurotransmitters
What are three ways exercise is good for the brain?
Cardiovascular
Enhanced Neurotransmission
Enhanced Neuroplasticity
What benefit of exercise increases metabolism, oxygenation, and blood flow in the brain?
Cardiovascular Benefits
What benefit of exercise increases neurotransmitter production in the brain (serotonin, dopamine, GABA, glutamate, and norepinephrine)
Improved Neurotransmission
What benefit of exercise increases hippocampal volume, neurogenesis, and dendritic density?
Enhanced Neuroplasticity
What are two growth factors positively effected by exercise?
Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) - Vascular growth
Brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) - Neurogenesis and axonal growth
What is neurogenesis?
Production of new neurons
What are the functions of new cells in the hippocampal formation?
Improved learning and memory
Reduced anxiety and depression
Increased resistance to stress (resilience)
Define: BDNF
Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor:
Acts on the CNS and PNS to decrease neural death and promote neurogenesis and growth of axons
Define: Working Memory
Part of short-term memory
Holds items/numbers in mind and manipulates them (e.g. doing math or interpreting speech)
