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AQA Psychology Minor Studies > Schizophrenia > Flashcards

Schizophrenia Flashcards

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1
Q

Mäkinen et al. (2008)

A

1/3 of schizophrenics suffer from significant negative symptoms.

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2
Q

Milev et al. (2005)

A

The more negative symptoms, the worse the functional outcome for the patient.

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3
Q

Sarkar et al. (2010)

A

Physical, rather than social, anhedonia is a more reliable symptom of schizophrenia.

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4
Q

Saha et al. (2005)

A

0.04% of people have schizophrenia at some point in their lives.

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5
Q

Regier et al. (2013)

A

Diagnoses of schizophrenia only had a kappa (inter-rater reliability) score of 0.46 (not great).

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6
Q

Copeland (1971)

A

US clinicians were much more likely to diagnose schizophrenia than British clinicians.

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7
Q

Luhrman et al. (2015)

A

African and Indian schizophrenics described their voices as playful and helpful whereas US schizophrenics said they were violent and distressing.

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8
Q

Broverman et al. (1970)

A

US clinicians (in 1970) saw ‘healthy behaviour’ as healthy male behaviour and so women are more at risk of diagnosis.

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9
Q

Ellason and Ross (1995)

A

People with dissociative identity disorder (DID) have more schizophrenic symptoms than schizophrenics.

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10
Q

Buckley et al. (2009)

A

50% of schizophrenics also have depression and 47% also have substance abuse.

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11
Q

Read (2004)

A

Most schizophrenics have enough symptoms to be diagnosed as having another illness.

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12
Q

Swets et al. (2014)

A

12% of schizophrenics fit the criteria for OCD and 25% displayed obsessive-compulsive symptoms.

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13
Q

Loring and Powell (1988)

A

Males are more likely to be diagnosed as schizophrenic than women by 36 percentage points.
+
Male psychiatrists are more likely to diagnose the illness than female psychiatrists.

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14
Q

Weber et al. (2009)

A

Patients diagnosed with a psychiatric disorder are less likely to receive adequate medical care and so schizophrenics often had a host of physical illnesses.

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15
Q

Rosenhan (1973)

A

Fake patient study: hospital staff cannot spot healthy people
+
When they look for actors who aren’t there, the think that ill people are pretending.

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16
Q

Malmburg et al. (1998)

A

Gender affects prognosis for schizophrenia.

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17
Q

Harrison et al. (2001)

A

Psycho-social factors (social skills, academic achievement etc.) affected prognosis for schizophrenia.

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18
Q

Whaley et al. (2001)

A

Kappa score for schizophrenic diagnosis as low as 0.11.

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19
Q

Mojtabi and Nicholson (1995)

A

Bizarre delusions are the central point of schizophrenia but when asked what were ‘bizarre’ and ‘non-bizarre’ delusions, senior US clinicians produced a kappa score of only 0.40.

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20
Q

Barnes (2004)

A

Ethnic culture hypothesis: schizophrenics from ethnic minorities experience less distress because they have supportive and protective social structures in their ethnic minority cultures.

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21
Q

Brekke and Barrio (1997)

A

Schizophrenics from ethnic majority groups are more symptomatic than those from ethnic minority groups.

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22
Q

Gottesman (1991)

A

Child Concordance rates:
2 schizophrenic parents: 46%
1 schizophrenic parent: 13%
1 schizophrenic sibling: 9%

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23
Q

Joseph (2004)

A

Concordance rate for MZ twins was 40.4% and 7.4% for DZ twins.

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24
Q

Tienari et al. (2000)

A

6.7% of adopted children who had schizophrenic biological mothers developed schizophrenia compared to 2% of the control.

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25
Q

Grilly (2002)

A

Giving L-dopa to individuals with Parkinson’s disease (to raise dopamine) caused them to exhibit schizophrenic symptoms.

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26
Q

Davis and Kahn (1991)

A

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia are cause by excess dopamine whilst negative symptoms are caused by a dopamine deficit.

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27
Q

Patel et al. (2010)

A

Schizophrenics have lower levels of dopamine in their dorsolateral prefrontal cortex.

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28
Q

Wang and Deutch (2008)

A

Reducing dopamine in the prefrontal cortex of rats results in cognitive impairment.

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29
Q

Kringlen (1987)

A

“Because the adoptive parents evidently received information about the child’s biological parents, one might wonder who would adopt such a child”.

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30
Q

Leucht et al. (2013)

A

Antipsychotics were more effective than placebo in reducing positive and negative symptoms of schizophrenia.

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31
Q

Moncrieff (2009)

A

Stimulants like cocaine and amphetamine can induce schizophrenic episodes.
+
Post-mortem examinations have not supported the dopamine hypothesis.

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32
Q

Noll (2009)

A

Antipsychotics don’t work for 1/3 of patients and so the dopamine hypothesis doesn’t explain it all.
+
A low EE family reduces a schizophrenics dependence on medication.

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33
Q

Bateson (1956)

A

Double Bind Theory.

34
Q

Kuipers et al. (1983)

A

High EE relatives talk more and listen less than low EE relatives.

35
Q

Linszen et al. (1997)

A

A patient returning to a high EE family is 4 times more likely to relapse than a patient returning to a low EE one.

36
Q

Beck and Rector (2005)

A

Patients are unwilling or unable to consider that their delusions are wrong.

37
Q

Aleman (2001)

A

Schizophrenics find it difficult to distinguish between imaginary and sensory-based perception.

38
Q

Baker and Morrison (1998)

A

Hallucinating schizophrenics are more likely than non-hallucinating schizophrenics to misattribute self-generated auditory experience to an external source.

39
Q

Tienari et al. (1994)

A

Children of schizophrenic biological mothers only developed the illness if they were adopted into ‘disturbed’ families.

40
Q

Berger (1965)

A

Schizophrenics report having received more double bind statements from mothers than non-schizophrenics.

41
Q

Liem (1974)

A

Found no evidence to support double bind statements coming from mothers of schizophrenics.

42
Q

Hall and Levin (1980)

A

Found no difference in verbal and non-verbal communication for houses that produced schizophrenic and those that produced normal children.

43
Q

Altorfer et al. (1998)

A

1/4 of patients showed no physiological response to stressful comments from relatives.

44
Q

Lebell et al. (1993)

A

People perceive high EE comments differently, when they are not perceived as negative the likelihood of schizophrenia is reduced.

45
Q

Sarin and Wallin (2014)

A

Positive symptoms of schizophrenia are down to faulty cognition.

46
Q

Howes and Murray (2014)

A

Vulnerability factors combine with environmental factors to trigger abnormality in the dopaminergic systems (which causes the symptoms).

47
Q

Kapur et al. (2000)

A

Between 60 and 75% of D₂ receptors in the mesolimbic dopamine pathway need to be blocked for typical antipsychotic drugs to work.

48
Q

Leucht et al. (2012)

A

Antipsychotics are much better than placebo.

49
Q

Crossley et al. (2010)

A

No significant differences in efficacy between typical and atypical antipsychotics but they had different side effects.
Typical antipsychotics = extrapyramidal side effects.
Atypical antipsychotics = weight gain.

50
Q

Ross and Read (2004)

A

Prescription of medication reinforces the view that ‘I am ill’, and so patients will not look for other ways to improve their lives and conditions.

51
Q

Read and Haslam (2004)

A

The public think that social/environmental factors are the cause of schizophrenia rather than biological factors.

52
Q

NICE (2014)

A

UK health organisation: In combination with antipsychotics, CBTp was more effective at reducing symptom severity and improving functioning.

53
Q

Addington and Addington (2005)

A

In the initial phases of schizophrenia, self-reflection in CBTp is inappropriate. After stabilisation with antipsychotics, groups sessions is most effective at this stage.

54
Q

Haddock et al. (2013)

A

Only 7% of participants had been offered CBTp.

55
Q

Freeman et al. (2013)

A

Of the minority of schizophrenics who are offered CBTp, few accept treatment and attend sessions.

56
Q

Jüni et al. (2001)

A

Studies to test effectiveness of CBTp against drug therapy are very weak methodologically.

57
Q

Wykes et al. (2008)

A

The more sound the study was methodologically, the less effective CBTp appeared to be.

58
Q

Juahar et al. (2014)

A

CBTp had only a ‘small’ therapeutic effect on schizophrenics. In blind studies, CBTp had no effect.

59
Q

Taylor and Perera (2015)

A

Because of such sketchy evidence, there have been mixed recommendations in the UK for CBTp.

60
Q

SIGN (2013)

A

Scottish health organisation: recommended drug therapy rather than CBTp.

61
Q

Garety et al. (2008)

A

Relapse rates for recipients of family therapy were 25% whereas for standard care this was 50%. However having a carer was just as effective.

62
Q

Pharoah et al. (2010)

A

Family therapy boosted compliance with mediation and social functioning as well as reducing relapse rates although there was a lack of blinding in studies.
+
Main reason for overall effectiveness was increased compliance with medication.

63
Q

Wu et al. (2006)

A

Studies coming from China, about family therapy, falsely stated that random allocation had been used.

64
Q

NCCMH (2009)

A

NICE review of family therapies: they save money for hospitals because relapse rates are so low.

65
Q

Lobban et al. (2013)

A

60% of family interventions had at least one positive effect but methodology in family therapy studies is poor.

66
Q

Ayllon and Azrin (1968)

A

Used token economy on female schizophrenia ward and found that the number of desirable behaviours sharply increased.

67
Q

Sran and Borrero (2010)

A

Token economies work best when tokens can be exchanged for a wide variety of behaviours.

68
Q

Kazdin (1977)

A

Token economies work best when there is little time between token receipt and token exchange.

69
Q

Dickerson et al. (2005)

A

Token economies were effective at increasing the adaptive behaviours of schizophrenics.

70
Q

Comer (2013)

A

Studies of token economies are uncontrolled as all the patients take part in the scheme. An increase in staff attention may account for the change in behaviour.

71
Q

Corrigan (1991)

A

Token economy is very difficult to maintain outside of a clinical setting.

72
Q

McMonagle and Sultana (2000)

A

If proper research could be carried out, we would know whether or not token economy worked. It is only really practiced in developing countries.

73
Q

Varese et al. (2012)

A

Children who experienced severe trauma before the age of 16 were 3 times more likely to develop schizophrenia.

74
Q

Vassos et al. (2012)

A

People living in an urban environment are 2 times more likely to develop schizophrenia than those in rural settings.

75
Q

Tienari et al. (2004)

A

High-genetic-risk adoptees are far more likely to develop schizophrenia if they are raised in families judged as functioning poorly (using the Oulu Family Rating Scale, or OPAS).

76
Q

Verdoux et al. (1998)

A

Those who experienced obstetric (lack of oxygen) birth complications were 4 times more likely to develop schizophrenia.

77
Q

Romans-Clarkson et al. (1990)

A

Found no difference in mental health between urbanites and ruralists.

78
Q

Paykel et al. (2000)

A

The difference in probability of schizophrenia between urban and rural environments are actually down to socio-economic factors.

79
Q

Hammen (1992)

A

Poor coping methods for stress constructed in childhood will make someone’s life more stressful, increasing the risk of mental illness.

80
Q

Børglum et al. (2014)

A

Pregnant women infected with cytomegalovirus was more likely to have a child with schizophrenia, but only if both she and the child had a certain gene defect.

AQA Psychology Minor Studies (11 decks)

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