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AQA Psychology Minor Studies > Attachment > Flashcards

Attachment Flashcards

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1
Q

Jaffe et al. (1973)

A

Reciprocity: infants coordinate their actions with caregivers in rhythm.

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2
Q

Brazelton (1979)

A

Reciprocity allows caregivers to respond quickly, this sensitivity is key for later attachment.

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3
Q

Meltzoff and Moore (1977)

A

Interactional synchrony: 3-week-old infants imitated facial features.

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4
Q

Metlzoff and Moore (1983)

A

Infants as young as 3 days old displayed interactional synchrony.

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5
Q

Piaget (1962)

A

‘Interactional synchrony’ was only pseudo-imitation. Operant conditioning explains the apparent synchrony and the infants do not know that they are imitating.

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6
Q

Murray and Trevarthen (1985)

A

When showed an unresponsive video of mothers’ faces, infants become distressed.

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7
Q

Koepke et al. (1983)

A

Failed to replicate findings of Meltzoff and Moore (1977).

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8
Q

Marian et al. (1996)

A

Failed to replicate findings of Murray and Trevarthen (1985).

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9
Q

Abravanel and DeYong (1991)

A

Infants imitate humans, not just any moving object.

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10
Q

Isabella et al. (1989)

A

Stongly attached infant-caregiver pairs showed more interactional synchrony.

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11
Q

Heimann (1989)

A

Infants who imitate more, from birth, have better quality relationships with their caregivers.

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12
Q

Meltzoff (2005)

A

‘Like me’ hypothesis: imitation develops ‘Theory of Mind’ and this affects later relationships.

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13
Q

Cohn et al (2014)

A

Stay at home dads have quadrupled in number over the past 28 years.

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14
Q

Rutter (1995)

A

All attachment figures are equal

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15
Q

Sagi et al (1994)

A

Closeness of attachment with mothers is half as common in collectivist cultures with communal childcare.

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16
Q

Lamb (1997)

A

No relationship between accessibility of the father and infant-father attachment.

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17
Q

Heerman et al. (1994)

A

Men are less sensitive to infant cues than women.

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18
Q

Frodi et al. (1978)

A

No physiological difference between men and women when both are shown footage of infants crying.

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19
Q

Frank et al. (1997)

A

When the father is the PCG in two-parent families, the role of primary attachment figure is shared by both parents.

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20
Q

Geiger (1996)

A

A father is more of an exciting, challenging, and physically active playmate than a PCG.

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21
Q

White and Woollett (1992)

A

Lack of paternal sensitivity can be positive as it fosters greater cognition and problem solving.

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22
Q

Guiton (1966)

A

Imprinted a yellow glove onto some leghorn chicks, later the male ducks tried to mate with the gloves. These effects could be reversed and normal sexual behaviour resumes.

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23
Q

Hoffman (1996)

A

Imprinting is more plastic and reversible than initially thought.

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24
Q

Hay and Vespo (1988)

A

Parents model affectionate relationships and reward appropriate relationship behaviours.

25
Q

Grossman and Grossman (1991)

A

Fathers serve as secondary attachments.
+
Germans are classified as insecure-avoidant but German culture stresses independence and distance.

26
Q

Prior and Glaser (2006)

A

Evidence points towards Bowlby’s hierarchical model of attachment (monotropy).
+
Expressions of attachment may vary culturally but the core concepts are universal.

27
Q

Sroufe et al. (2005)

A

Securely attached infants become empathetic, popular and socially competent young adults.

28
Q

Kagan (1984)

A

Infants have innate temperaments which affect their interactions with caregivers, resulting in strong or weak attachment bonds.

29
Q

Belsky and Rovine (1987)

A

Infants under 3 days old who had a ‘difficult’ temperament were more likely to go on an develop an insecure attachment.

30
Q

Spangler (1990)

A

Infant temperament influences how easy or hard it is for the PCG to interact with the infant, with the lack of effective reciprocal communication resulting in insecure attachment.

31
Q

Main and Solomon (1986)

A

The strange situation shows a 4th type of attachment: insecure disorganised. These infants have no consistent method of coping with stressors.

32
Q

Van IJzendorn et al. (1999)

A

15% of infants were insecure disorganised.

33
Q

Cooper et al. (2005)

A

Circle of Security Project: teaches parents to better understand the signs of when their child is distressed.

34
Q

Main and Weston (1981)

A

Children behave differently depending on which parent they are with, and so the strange situation is invalid.

35
Q

Main (1999)

A

Attachment type is mainly influenced by the mother.

36
Q

Raval et al. (2001)

A

Low correlation between ‘maternal sensitivity’ and attachment.

37
Q

Slade et al. (2005)

A

‘Maternal reflective functioning’ affects attachment. MRF is how much a mother can understand what the infant is feeling.

38
Q

Tronick et al. (1992)

A

Study of the African Efe tribe: infants looked after and breastfed by many women but slept with mothers at night. Infants showed mother as primary attachment.

39
Q

Takahashi (1990)

A

High rates (32%) of Japanese infants were insecure-resistant. 90% had to withdraw from strange situation due to extreme separation anxiety.

40
Q

Van IJzendoorn and Sagi (2001)

A

There is difference in attachment between urban and rural regions. Rural regions have higher insecure-resistant infants.

41
Q

Rothbaum et al. (2000)

A

Attachment theory is rooted in individualist, American culture and so cannot apply to other cultures. Indigenous theories should be made.

42
Q

Posada and Jacobs (2001)

A

It doesn’t matter how secure attachment is measured, sensitivity being linked to attachment is universal.

43
Q

Radke-Yarrow et al. (1985)

A

55% of the children of depressed mothers were insecurely attached.

44
Q

Bifulco et al. (1992)

A

25% of women who experienced separation of more than a year in childhood later developed depression or anxiety disorders, compared to 15% of the control.

45
Q

Robertson (1952)

A

Filmed two-year-old Laura left in a hospital for 8 days, she displayed acute distress.

46
Q

Barrett (1997)

A

Securely attached infants can sometimes cope better with separation than those insecurely attached.

47
Q

Rutter (1981)

A

When Bowlby talked of ‘maternal deprivation’ he was often describing ‘maternal privation’ and getting the two confused.

48
Q

La Mare and Audet (2006)

A

Physical health and height was worse for adopted children at age 4½ compared to control. By 10½ this difference disappeared.

49
Q

Zeanah et al. (2005)

A

Institutionalised children showed ‘disinhibited attachment’. This is visible as indiscriminate over-friendliness, attention seeking and inappropriate familiarity.

50
Q

Gardner (1972)

A

Institutionalisation can result in ‘deprivation dwarfism’

51
Q

Skodak and Skeels (1949)

A

Institutionalisation and lack of emotional care results in low intelligence.

52
Q

Quinton et al. (1984)

A

Institutionalised females performed very poorly as mothers in later life.

53
Q

Singer et al. (1985)

A

Research has meant that infants are adopted faster.

54
Q

Turner and Lloyd (1995)

A

Other factors of institutionalisation could equally have caused the physical and intellectual underdevelopment.

55
Q

Simpson et al. (2007)

A

Securely attached infants become young adults who are more emotionally attached to their romantic partners.

56
Q

Fraley (2002)

A

Found not evidence for the continuity hypothesis.

57
Q

Feeney (1999)

A

Individuals may seek partners who fit their (healthy or unhealthy) view of what a partner or relationship should be. This would explain the relationship between attachment and romance.

58
Q

Spitz and Wolf (1946)

A

100 children placed in an institution became severely depressed within a few months.

AQA Psychology Minor Studies (11 decks)

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