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AQA Psychology Minor Studies > Relationships > Flashcards

Relationships Flashcards

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1
Q

Darwin (1871)

A

Theory of sexual selection.

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2
Q

Bernstein (2015)

A

Women might want a powerful/resourceful man because they have traditionally lacked political power.

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3
Q

Kasser and Sharma (1999)

A

Women value resourceful much more in cultures where they have little power and status.

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4
Q

Penton-Voak et al. (1999)

A

Female mate choice varies over the menstrual cycle. Women prefer masculine faces when they are most fertile and more feminine faces when they are least fertile.

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5
Q

Nettle and Clegg (2006)

A

Poets and artists have more sexual partners than non-creative people.

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6
Q

Walster and Walster (1969)

A

Matching hypothesis: people seek partners who’s social desirability approximates their own.

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7
Q

Eastwick and Finkel (2008)

A

Ideal partner preferences are just ideals. Actual dating behaviour showed that ideal did not consistently affect choices.

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8
Q

Sprecher and Hatfield (2009)

A

Attractiveness is just one factor; people may compensate for unattractiveness with other qualities.

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9
Q

Meltzer et al. (2014)

A

Men’s satisfaction with their wives was positively correlated to how attractive they thought their wives were. Therefore women are more motivated to retain their attractiveness to keep a marriage going.

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10
Q

Taylor et al. (2011)

A

Could not find evidence to support the matching hypothesis; participants had an overall preference for attractive partners, regardless of their own attractiveness.

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11
Q

Pasch and Bradbury (1998)

A

People were satisfied if their partner was supportive, trustworthy and warm, not just attractive.

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12
Q

Jourard (1971)

A

‘Self-disclosure’: how much people reveal about themselves.

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13
Q

Collins and Miller (1994)

A

People will like others who disclose and will self-disclose to people they like. They like disclosure even more if they think that no one else has been told.

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14
Q

Sprecher et al. (2013)

A

Level of disclosure received is a greater predictor of love than the level of self-disclosure given. People like reciprocal, turn-taking disclosure.

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15
Q

Sprecher (1987)

A

Disclosure about disappointments, accomplishments and previous sexual relationships were more effective than neutral topics.

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16
Q

Derlega and Grzelak (1979)

A

In the early stages of a relationship, self-disclosure should be not too much (indiscriminate) or too little (impersonal).

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17
Q

Berg and Archer (1980)

A

The more one person discloses, the more disclosure they expect from their partner.

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18
Q

Cooper and Sportolari (1997)

A

‘Boom and bust’ phenomenon: online, people disclose lots very quickly and so the relationship gets very intimate very fast. The lack of underlying trust that comes with an analogue relationship causes it to break down.

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19
Q

Tal-Or and Hershman-Shitrit (2015)

A

Relationship between disclosure and attraction applies to celebrities as well.

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20
Q

Knop et al. (2016)

A

Participants disclosed more offline than online.

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21
Q

Chen (1995)

A

Americans disclose more than Chinese or Japanese.

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22
Q

Nakanishi (1986)

A

Japanese women prefer low levels of disclosure whilst Japanese men prefer higher levels. This is the opposite of what happens in the West.

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23
Q

Kerckhoff and Davis (1962)

A

Filter theory: partners are chosen using a series of filters to narrow down the options.
+
Before 18 months together, participants wanted similarity of attitudes, after 18 moths they wanted complimentary attitudes.

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24
Q

Winch (1958)

A

Long-term, people are attracted to those whose needs are harmonious with their own (so sometimes opposite)

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25
Q

Levinger et al. (1970)

A

Failed to replicate Kerckhoff and Davis’ findings.

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26
Q

Duck (1973)

A

Filters allow people to predict future interactions on certain topics and so they can avoid partnering with people who they will have bad interactions with.

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27
Q

Byrne et al. (1970)

A

Individuals are more likely to be attracted to people with whom they share lots of views rather than few.

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28
Q

Hoyle (1993)

A

Perceived similarity may be more important than actual similarity.

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29
Q

Tidwell et al. (2013)

A

Perceived similarity may more important than actual similarity.

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30
Q

Dijkstra and Barelds (2008)

A

Similar traits are more important in an ideal partner than complementary traits.

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31
Q

Thornton and Young-DeMarco (2001)

A

Attitudes change over time.

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32
Q

Thibaut and Kelley (1959)

A

Social exchange theory: a cost/benefit analysis but for relationships.

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33
Q

Kurdek and Schmitt (1986)

A

For heterosexual, homosexual, cohabiting and married couples: relationship satisfaction was associated with benefits of current relationship and weaknesses of alternatives.

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34
Q

Kurdek (1993)

A

Relationships become less stable if one or both partners have a low level of dependence on the relationship.

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35
Q

Sprecher (2001)

A

Exchange variable most important was how the partner compared to alternative.

36
Q

Littlejohn (1989)

A

Over time, benefits may become costs.

37
Q

Nakonezny and Denton (2008)

A

Costs and benefits are vague, relative and difficult to measure.

38
Q

Gottman and Levenson (1992)

A

In successful marriages ratio of benefits to costs was 5:1 but in unsuccessful marriages this was only 1:1.

39
Q

Christensen et al. (2004)

A

2/3 of couples treated with Integrated Behavioural Couples Therapy (IBCT) reported significant improvement in their relationship.

40
Q

Schafer and Keith (1980)

A

In the child-rearing years, couples are usually unequal and so marital satisfaction dips.

41
Q

Stafford and Canary (2006)

A

Satisfaction was highest for spouses in marriages perceived to be equitable.

42
Q

Hatfield and Rapson (2011)

A

Equity is most important in the early stages of relationships, committed couples tend not to keep score of equity.
+
When the marriage becomes unsatisfying, partners become preoccupied with its failings, causing more dissatisfaction.

43
Q

Byers and Wang (2004)

A

Couples in equitable marriages have longer marriages and are less likely to risk extra marital affairs.

44
Q

Huseman et al. (1987)

A

Equity sensitivity: people differ in sensitivity to inequality = ‘benevolents’, ‘equity sensitives’ and ‘entitleds’.

45
Q

DeMarris et al. (2010)

A

Women perceive themselves are more under-benefited than men do and are more disturbed by being under-benefited. Women, overall, are more equity sensitive.

46
Q

Sprecher (1992)

A

Women feel more guilt than men at being over-benefited.

47
Q

Aumer-Ryan et al. (2006)

A

Across many cultures, equity is most important. USA was the most equitable, Jamaica was the least.

48
Q

Brosnan and de Waal (2003)

A

Female capuchin monkeys become angry if they are not treated and rewarded equally.

49
Q

Brosnan et al. (2005)

A

Chimpanzees were more upset by inequality in casual relationships than they were by inequality in intimate relationships.

50
Q

Clark (1984)

A

Focusing on equity is a sign of trouble in marriages.

51
Q

Van Yperen and Buunk (1990)

A

People who realised they were in inequitable marriages became less satisfied over the course of a year, not the other way around.

52
Q

Rusbult (1980)

A

Investment model of relationships.

53
Q

Le and Agnew (2003)

A

Across cultures, satisfaction, quality of alternatives and investment were highly correlated with commitment. Satisfaction was the most important of the three.

54
Q

Le et al. (2010)

A

The most important predictor of staying or leaving a relationship was investment.

55
Q

Rusbult et al. (1998)

A

Created an ‘Investment Model Scale’ to reliably, and with validity, measure investment.

56
Q

Rusbult and Martz (1995)

A

Investment and poor quality of alternatives explain why battered women remain committed to their husbands.

57
Q

Goodfriend and Agnew (2008)

A

Investment should also include future investment plans.

58
Q

Duck (1982)

A

Phase model of relationship breakdown.

59
Q

La Gaipa (1982)

A

People leaving relationships need to retain their ‘social credit’ in order to form new relationships in the future.

60
Q

Duck (2005)

A

He did not include relationship growth after breakdown in his original model and the social phase depends entirely on the nature of the relationship involved.

61
Q

Rollie and Duck (2006)

A

Added ‘resurrection processes’ to the phase model wherein people engage in the process of personal growth.

62
Q

Frazier (2003)

A

Participants said they experienced personal growth as well as emotional distress following a breakup.

63
Q

Dickson (1995)

A

Young people get little support during breakup because there are ‘plenty more fish in the sea’; this is not true for older people.

64
Q

Monroe et al. (1999)

A

Students who had undergone a breakup were more likely to experience a major depressive disorder in that year for the first time.

65
Q

Tashiro and Frazier (2003)

A

People feel better about breakup when they focus on the environmental causes, not their own flaws.

66
Q

Jourard (1971)

A

‘Broadcasting self-disclosure’: levels of disclosure change depending on whether it takes place publicly or privately.

67
Q

Rubin (1975)

A

‘Strangers on a train’ study.

68
Q

Zhao et al. (2008)

A

Absence of gating allows previously gated individuals to engage in relationships. Online and offline worlds are not separate: digital selves can improve self-image and ability to communicate in the real world.

69
Q

Yurchisin et al. (2005)

A

Although online identities are kept close to reality, the truth is stretched and equivocated to present a more favourable veneer.

70
Q

Rosenfeld and Thomas (2012)

A

People with access to the internet are twice as likely to be in a relationship than those who aren’t. These online relationships were not more fragile or of lower quality than face-to-face relationships.

71
Q

Putnam (2000)

A

Internet relationships are superficial and cannot compare to face-to-face relationships.

72
Q

Tamir and Mitchell (2012)

A

The nuclei accumbens and the ventral tegmental area (both associated with reward) were active when people talk about themselves (this also results in increased pleasure).

73
Q

Baker and Oswald (2010)

A

Virtual relationships help shy people establish friendships, they value social media as and aid more than outgoing people.

74
Q

Weiss (1991)

A

Attachment theory explains parasocial relationships (PSRs).

75
Q

Leets et al. (1995)

A

Fans will engage in proximity seeking behaviour to feel closer to a celebrity.

76
Q

Cole Leets (1999)

A

Willingness to form PSRs is related to attachment type: insecure-resistants are most likely to form PSRs.

77
Q

Ashe and McCutcheon (2001)

A

People in PSRs are at no risk of rejection or criticism.

78
Q

McCutcheon et al. (2002)

A

Most people only enjoy celebrities for their entertainment or social value.

79
Q

Giles and Maltby (2006)

A

Used Celebrity Attitude Scale (CAS) to measure parasocial relationships.

80
Q

Lange et al.

A

Introversion and difficult social circumstances result in increased absorption in PSRs. If absorption is maintained then I leads to addiction.

81
Q

Schiappa et al. (2007)

A

Attractiveness of celebrity and similarity to viewer, as well as amount of TV watched, all affected likelihood of a PSR developing.

82
Q

Greenwood and Long (2009)

A

People develop PSRs as a way of dealing with loneliness and loss.

83
Q

Chory-Assad and Yanen (2005)

A

No relationship between intensity of loneliness and intensity of PSR.

84
Q

Eyal and Cohen (2006)

A

Relationships between PSRs and intensity of loneliness following a parasocial breakup.

85
Q

Maltby et al. (2003)

A

Used Eysenck Personality Questionnaire and linked it to absorption addiction model: ‘entertainment-social’ is extraversion, ‘intense-personal’ is neuroticism and ‘borderline-pathological’ is psychoticism.

86
Q

Cohen (2004)

A

Negative emotions at the loss of a PSR are the same as the negative emotions at the loss of a real relationship.

87
Q

Schmid and Klimmt (2011)

A

People from both collectivist cultures and individualist cultures show similar PSR patterns and can relate to the same celebrities.

AQA Psychology Minor Studies (11 decks)

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