Psychopathology

Question 1

Szasz (1974)

Answer 1

The concept of mental illness is just a way to exclude non-conformists from society.

Question 2

Mowrer (1947)

Answer 2

Came up with the two-process model of how phobias are learnt: classical conditioning and then operant conditioning .

Question 3

Sue et al. (1994)

Answer 3

People with certain types of phobias are more likely to recall triggering experiences than others.

Question 4

Öst (1987)

Answer 4

It is possible that traumatic events leading to phobias are forgotten. This is why not every sufferer can recall such an experience.

Question 5

Di Nardo et al. (1988)

Answer 5

Not everyone bitten by a dog develops a fear of dogs (diathesis-stress model).

Question 6

Bandura and Rosenthal (1966)

Answer 6

When participants saw an actor in pain following a buzzer, they acquired a fear of it.

Question 7

Seligman (1970)

Answer 7

Just like other animals, humans are pre-programmed to fear certain things (ancient fears) and so do not develop phobias of modern things as often.

Question 8

Bregman (1934)

Answer 8

Tried to replicate ‘Little Albert’ study but could not condition infants to fear wooden blocks; indicating that a living animal was necessary.

Question 9

Watson and Rayner (1920)

Answer 9

Study of ‘Little Albert’.

Question 10

Engels et al. (1993)

Answer 10

Social Phobia responds very well to CBT.

Question 11

Wolpe (1958)

Answer 11

Systematic desensitisation.

Question 12

McGrath et al. (1990)

Answer 12

75% of patients with phobias respond to systematic desensitisation.

Question 13

Choy et al. (2007)

Answer 13

Flooding is more effective at treating phobias than systematic desensitisation
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‘In vivo’ treatments are more effective than ‘in vitro’ treatments.

Question 14

Öhman et al. (1975)

Answer 14

Systematic desensitisation is less effective when treating phobias that are ancient fears.

Question 15

Humphrey (1973)

Answer 15

Systematic desensitisation can be self-administered and this is effective for social phobia.

Question 16

Al-Kubaisy et al. (1992)

Answer 16

Self-administered systematic desensitisation is just as effective as guided SD.

Question 17

Craske et al. (2008)

Answer 17

Systematic desensitisation and flooding are equally effective at treating phobias.

Question 18

Klein et al. (1983)

Answer 18

The relaxation and counterconditioning of SD and flooding may not be important. The realisation that the fear can be conquered may be more important.

Question 19

Frued (1909) [case study of Little Hans]

Answer 19

The boy’s envy of his father was projected onto horses and he was anxious around them. Once this envy was dealt with, the anxiety disappeared.

Question 20

Hammen and Krantz (1976)

Answer 20

Depressed people make more errors in logic than non-depressed people.

Question 21

Bates et al (1999)

Answer 21

Depressed people given negative automatic-thought statements became more depressed.

Question 22

Cuijpers et al. (2013)

Answer 22

CBT was better than no treatment at all. CBT is the best treatment for depression when used in conjunction with drug treatments.

Question 23

Alloy and Abrahmson (1979)

Answer 23

Depressed people see things for how they are and gave more accurate estimations of the likelihood of disaster (‘sadder but wiser’ effect).

Question 24

Zhang et al. (2005)

Answer 24

A mutation of the gene that involves production of TPH2 (affecting serotonin production) is 10 times more common in depressed people.

Question 25

Rogers (1959)

Ellis (1994)

Answer 25

For CBT, the therapist needs to show unconditional positive regard.

Question 26

Ellis (1957)

Answer 26

Rational Emotional Behaviour Therapy (REBT) (basically CBT) was 90% effective.

Question 27

Ellis (2001)

Answer 27

CBT was ineffective when clients failed to put their revised beliefs into action. Some people would rather have a regular therapist and not make the effort needed CBT.

Question 28

Kuyken and Tsivrikos (2009)

Answer 28

15% variance in CBT effectiveness is down to competence of therapist.

Question 29

Elkin et al. (1985)

Answer 29

CBT doesn’t work if irrational beliefs are resistant to change.

Question 30

Simmons et al. (1995)

Answer 30

CBT is not effective when depression is caused by realistic stressors in the client’s life.

Question 31

Babyak et al. (2000)

Answer 31

Depressed clients who engaged in a fitness regime had lower relapse rates compared to drug treatment alone. Especially if the regime was continued long after the drug treatment had ended.

Question 32

Rosenzweig (1936)

Answer 32

Dodo bird effect: psychotherapies for mental disorders are all equally effective because they are so similar; CBT is nothing special.

Question 33

Luborsky et al. (1975, 2002)

Answer 33

Only small differences in the efficacy of various psychotherapies.

Question 34

Sloane et al. (1975)

Answer 34

The key ingredient in all psychotherapies is that the client is able to express their thoughts to a sympathetic and uncritical listener, raising self-esteem.

Question 35

Turner (2014)

Answer 35

REBT is very effective at helping sportspeople cope with stress and failure.

Question 36

Tükel et al. (2013)

Answer 36

An allele (version) of the COMT gene that causes high dopamine production is more common in OCD sufferers than controls.

Question 37

Ozaki et al. (2003)

Answer 37

A mutation of the SERT gene (that affects transport of serotonin) is more common in OCD sufferers than controls.

Question 38

Szechtman et al. (1998)

Answer 38

Giving high doses of dopamine-enhancing drugs to animals resulted in movements resembling the compulsive behaviours of OCD patients.

Question 39

Pigott et al. (1990)

Answer 39

Selective serotonin re-uptake inhibitors (SSRIs) have been shown to reduce OCD symptoms.

Question 40

Jenicke (1992)

Answer 40

Antidepressants that do not affect serotonin much do not reduce OCD symptoms.

Question 41

Comer (1998)

Answer 41

Abnormal levels of serotonin causes the orbitofrontal cortex OFC and caudate nuclei to malfunction, causing OCD symptoms.

Question 42

Sukel (2007)

Answer 42

High levels of dopamine lead to overactivity in the basal ganglia, causing OCD symptoms.

Question 43

Nestadtt et al. (2002)

Answer 43

People with an OCD sufferer as a first-degree relative were 5 times more likely to have OCD themselves.

Question 44

Billett et al. (1998)

Answer 44

If the co-twin has OCD, a MZ twin is twice more likely to develop OCD than a DZ twin.

Question 45

Pauls and Leckman (1986)

Answer 45

OCD is one expression of a gene that can also cause Tourette’s syndrome. Autisitc children also display the obsessional behaviour of OCD.

Question 46

Rasmussen and Eisen (1992)

Answer 46

⅔ of OCD sufferers have also experienced depression.

Question 47

Menzies et al. (2007)

Answer 47

OCD patients and their family members have reduced grey matter in the OFC.

Question 48

Albucher et al. (1998)

Answer 48

Between 60% — 90% of adults with OCD improved considerably following exposure and response prevention (EPR), a behavioural therapy similar to SD.

Question 49

Choy and Schneier (2008)

Answer 49

SSRIs are the preferred drug for treating OCD.

Question 50

Kushner et al. (2007)

Answer 50

D-Cycloserine enhances the transition of GABA and reduces anxiety.

Question 51

Soomro et al. (2008)

Answer 51

SSRIs are more effective than placebos up to 3 months after treatment. Nausea, headache and insomnia are common side effects.

Question 52

Koran et al. (2007)

Answer 52

Most studies of OCD drug treatments only look at the short term effects; little is known about their long term effectiveness. CBT should be tried first.

Question 53

Ashton (1997)

Answer 53

Benzodiazepines (BZs) are addictive and their use should be limited to 4 weeks.

Question 54

Maina et al. (2001)

Answer 54

Patients relapse within a few weeks if their OCD medication is stopped.

Question 55

Turner et al. (2008)

Answer 55

Research into drug treatments for OCD are funded by pharmaceutical companies and publication bias accounts for the exaggeration of the effectiveness of these treatments.