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AQA Psychology Minor Studies > Forensic Psychology > Flashcards

Forensic Psychology Flashcards

1
Q

Walker et al. (2006)

A

Only 42% of crimes reported in the British Crime Survey (BCS) were reported to the police.

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2
Q

Farrell and Pease (2007)

A

The number of crimes people can report to the BCS is limited to 5 per year.

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3
Q

Hales et al. (2007)

A

The offenders who answered the Offending, Crime and Justice Survey (OCJS) were apparently accurate in their answers.

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4
Q

Douglas et al. (2006)

A

Came up with the six main stages of the top-down approach to offender profiling.

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5
Q

Copson (1995)

A

82% of police officers said that the top-down method was operationally useful and 90% said they would use it again.
+
75% said that the bottom-up approach was useful but only 3% said it had helped identify the criminal.

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6
Q

Scherer and Jarvis (2014)

A

Top-down approach offers investigators different perspectives and prevents wrongful conviction.

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7
Q

Snook et al. (2008)

A

Top-down approach is flawed: ambiguous descriptions can fit any crime and offender, just like horoscopes (Barnum effect).

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8
Q

Jackson and Bekerian (1997)

A

Intelligent offenders will study psychological profiling and will use this knowledge to deliberately mislead authorities.

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9
Q

Alison et al. (2003)

A

1/2 of the police officers were given inaccurate profiles but more than 1/2 thought they had accurate profiles. Therefore police officers do not necessarily notice when they have poor profiles.

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10
Q

Turvey (1999)

A

There is a false separation between organised and disorganised offenders. Behaviour is in fact on a continuum.

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11
Q

Douglas et al. (1992)

A

A third category, “mixed offender”, should be added to the top-down approach.

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12
Q

Canter et al. (2004)

A

There is no clear distinction between organised and disorganised offender behaviour. Very few criminals are disorganised.

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13
Q

Davies et al. (1997)

A

Rapists who concealed fingerprints often had prior burglary convictions.

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14
Q

Salfati and Canter (1999)

A

Hundreds of cases are compared to check for any similarities or connections, making it easier to catch a perpetrator
+
‘Instrumental opportunistic’, ‘instrumental cognitive’ and ‘expressive impulsive’ themes were found.

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15
Q

Canter and Larkin (1993)

A

Most criminals have an awareness of the geography of their crimes. 91% were ‘marauders’ and only some were ‘commuters’ (some were neither).

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16
Q

Rossmo (1999)

A

Came up with Criminal geographic targeting (CGT). It does not specifically solve crimes but us useful for prioritising house-to-house searches.

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17
Q

Petherick (2006)

A

If the person’s home is not the centre of the crimes, police will have difficulty finding the perpetrator. Also, circles are overly simplistic.

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18
Q

Turvey (2011)

A

Vancouver PD (where Rossmo was based) stopped using geographical profiling and fired Rossmo because it wasn’t helpful.

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19
Q

Lombrosso (1876)

A

Atavistic traits indicate criminal personality and behaviour.

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20
Q

Lombrosso (1897)

A

There are ‘born criminals’, ‘insane criminals’, and ‘criminaloids’ (predisposed to criminality and triggered by the environment).

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21
Q

Kretschmer (1921)

A

There are somatotypes of criminals, based on body shape.

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22
Q

Carrabine et al. (2014)

A

Although incorrect, Lombrosso was the first to bring science to criminology and hold a more deterministic view of crime.
+
Restorative justice programmes are now the focus of criminology because of the failures of traditional incarceration.

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23
Q

Goring (1913)

A

There are no real differences between the physical characteristics of convicts and non-convicts. Convicts were just slightly smaller.

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24
Q

Lombrosso and Ferrero (1893)

A

Women are less evolved than men. When they have masculine characteristics they become criminals.

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25
Glueck and Glueck (1970)
60% of criminals were mesomorphs/athletic.
26
Sheldon (1949)
Delinquents were more likely to be mesomorphs than non-delinquents.
27
Canter (2010)
The idea of criminal types has not gone away, it has just become more sophisticated.
28
Raine (1993)
Delinquent behaviour was 52% concordance rates for MZ twins and 21% for DZ twins.
29
Brunner et al. (1993)
Men in an aggressive Dutch family have a gene which leads to low levels of MAOA.
30
Tiihonen et al. (2015)
5 - 10% of Finish crime is down to low levels of MAOA activity and CDH13 gene activity.
31
Caspi et al. (2002)
12% of the low MAOA participants also experienced childhood maltreatment. This group was responsible for 44% of the violent convictions in the study.
32
Harmon (2012)
8.5% of the US population have a brain injury but so do 60% of US prisoners.
33
Raine et al. (2004)
Murderers and violent psychopaths have reduced functioning in the prefrontal cortex.
34
Raine et al. (1997)
Murderers found not guilty by reason of insanity (NGRI) had abnormal asymmetries in the limbic system and the amygdala.
35
Seo et al. (2008)
Low levels of serotonin causes aggression, especially if dopamine is high.
36
Wright et al. (2015)
Increased noradrenaline activates the sympathetic nervous system and the fight-or-flight response; this leads to to aggression.
37
Crowe (1972)
Adopted children with criminals as biological parents are 50% more likely to be criminal by the age of 18.
38
Mednick et al. (1987)
15% of adoptees raised in criminal families became criminals compared to 20% of adoptees who were in normal families but had criminal biological parents.
39
Blonigen et al. (2005)
Found support for genetic basis to offending behaviour.
40
Findlay (2011)
Crime is not a 'natural' category of behaviour, it is a social construct and so a biological approach can never fully explain criminal behaviour.
41
Curran and Renetti (2001)
Research into neurochemical explanations of offending behaviour normally use animals and so cannot be generalised.
42
Eysenck (1967, 1978)
Theory of personality.
43
Eysenck (1982)
67% of personality (supposedly) is down to genetic/biological factors such as activity of nervous system.
44
Zuckerman (1987)
+.52 correlation of neuroticism for MZ twins, with +.24 for DZ twins. +.51 correlation for extraversion for MZ twins, with +.12 for DZ twins.
45
Mischel and Peake (1982)
No correlation between measures of personality traits over a variety of situations. Personality is not fixed as Eysenk implied.
46
Dunlop et al. (2012)
Extrovertion, psychoticism and lie scales were good predictors of delinquency.
47
Van Dam et al. (2007)
Only a small group of young offenders had high scores on all three of Eysenk's personality scale.
48
Kohlberg (1969)
Theory of moral reasoning.
49
Colby et al. (1983)
10% of adults reach post-conventional level of moral reasoning.
50
Hollin et al. (2002)
Criminal are usually at the pre-conventional level of moral reasoning.
51
Schönenberg and Aiste (2014)
When showed images of faces, offenders are more likely to view the expressions as aggressive (hostile attribution bias).
52
Kennedy and Grubin (1992)
Sex offenders often downplay their crime, stating that the victims were also partly responsible.
53
Maruna and Mann (2006)
It is normal, not criminal, to blame external forces for events and minimise one's own fault.
54
Heller et al. (2013)
Cognitive behavioural techniques to reduce cognitive distortions caused arrests to drop by 44%.
55
Snarey (1985)
Post-conventional reasoning is less common in rural communities.
56
Colby and Kohlberg (1987)
Stages of moral reasoning are universal.
57
Gudjonsson and Sigurdsson (2007)
38% of convicts said they did not consider the consequences of their criminal acts, 36% were confident they would not get caught. + Desire for risk is a key factor in crime.
58
Chen and Howitt (2007)
Taiwanese offenders showing more advanced moral reasoning were less likely to be involved in violent crimes.
59
Krebs and Denton (2005)
Moral principles are only one factor of behaviour and can be overriden by practical considerations. Moral principles were also used to justify crimes after they were committed.
60
Gilligan (1982)
Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning was based on male-only research.
61
Sutherland (1939)
Differential association theory.
62
Osborne and West (1979)
If a father had a criminal conviction, 40% of his sons had committed a crime by the age of 18, compared to 13% of the control.
63
Akers et al. (1979)
Association, imitation and reinforcement (differential association theory) account for 68% of the variance in cannabis use and 55% of alcohol use.
64
Cox et al. (2014)
Differential association theory is difficult to test because learned and inherited factors are hard to separate.
65
Newburn (2002)
40% of crimes are committed by people under 21.
66
Bowlby (1944)
44 thieves study.
67
Bowlby (1951, 1953)
Maternal deprivation can cause 'affectionless psychopathy'.
68
Farrington et al. (2009)
``` Best predictors, at the age of 8-10, for later criminality were: Family history of crime Risk-taking personality Low school attainment Poverty Poor parenting. ```
69
Prison Reform Trust (PRT) (2014)
1/2 of adults (2/3 of under 18s) are reconvicted within 1 year of release.
70
Abramson et al. (1989)
Depression is prisons is caused be helplessness and hopelessness.
71
Newton (1980)
Self-harm in prisons may be a way of becoming part of inmate culture.
72
Calhoun (1962)
Overcrowding in rats leads to aggression, hypersexuality, stress and physical illness.
73
Glover (2009)
Parents in prison may feel guilt and separation anxiety.
74
Latessa and Lowenkamp (2006)
Putting low-risk offenders in with high-risk offenders increases the recidivism of the former.
75
Pritkin (2009)
Imprisonment can lead to reduced self-esteem and empathy as well as anger towards to the system.
76
Walker et al. (1981)
Length of sentence made no difference for habitual offenders.
77
Klein et al. (1977)
Cautions are more effective deterrents than arrests and community rehabilitation lowers recidivism more than incarceration.
78
Hobbs and Holt (1976)
Offender cottages study: token economy led to an average increase in social behaviours of 27%.
79
Bassett and Blanchard (1977)
Consistency is key for a token economy.
80
Tarbox et al. (2006)
Token economies are successful in schools and for dealing with autistics (but not so much for prisons).
81
Burchard and Lane (1982)
In the 1970s nearly all states in the USA used token economies in their prisons.
82
Milan and McKee (1976)
Token economies in prisons improved socially desirable behaviours and reduced criminal behaviours.
83
Cullen and Seddon (1981)
In the UK, token economy is only used in young offenders' institutions.
84
Brewer (2000)
Token economy is effective in prisons in the short term.
85
Moyes et al. (1985)
Token economy has little impact on recidivism.
86
Stocks et al. (1987)
Token economy is successful in half-way houses for disabled adults.
87
Cohen and Filipcjak (1971)
Young offenders were less likely to re-offend after one year if they had been part of a token economy.
88
Rice et al. (1990)
Half of the males in a Canadian psychiatric hospital re-offended despite the use of token economy.
89
Hall (1979)
Ethical issues surrounding token economy can be solved if prisoners and staff agree on procedures and goals, with periodical reviews.
90
Nietzel (1979)
Punishment should not be part of the token economy and this is one of the main factors that led to their discontinuation.
91
Novaco (1975, 1977, 2011, 2013)
Produced blueprints for anger management programmes (read pg 278).
92
Ireland (2004)
Anger management therapy resulted in significant improvements compared to the control.
93
Trimble et al. (2015)
Anger management therapy significantly reduced expression of anger and anger experienced.
94
Taylor and Novaco (2006)
75% improvement rates for anger management programmes.
95
Landenberger and Lipsey (2005)
Anger control element was the most important part of anger management therapy.
96
Howells et al. (2005)
Meta analysis of anger management therapies showed they only had moderate benefits but anger is not necessary for aggression and violent crime.
97
Law (1997)
Only one person improved after anger management therapy.
98
Blacker et al. (2008)
Drama-based, more engaging anger management therapies have been successful as they rely less on verbal ability.
99
Howells and Day (2003)
To prevent dropout in anger management therapies, 'readiness for change' should be assessed beforehand.
100
McGuire (2008)
Anger management reduces recidivism one year after therapy.
101
Loza and Loza-Fanous (1999)
There is no difference in anger between violent and non-violent criminals. Aggression does not always equal anger. + Anger management can be harmful because criminals can blame their anger rather than take responsibility.
102
Wachtel and McCold (2003)
High control AND support are necessary to effectively deal with criminals. This involves restorative justice. All stakeholders need to be supported.
103
Pranis et al. (2003)
In 'peace circles', a keeper is necessary to maintain the atmosphere of respect and articulate solutions.
104
Wilson et al. (2007)
'Circles of support' are used to prevent exclusion of offenders from the community.
105
Dignan (2005)
Victims feel a greater sense of satisfaction when cases go through the mainstream courts.
106
Sherman and Strang (2007)
Face-to-face meeting with the victims reduced recidivism to as low as 11%.
107
Zehr (2002)
Restorative justice can take place without the offender. + RJ is needed because the traditional penal system did not address the needs of the victims or promote offender accountability.

AQA Psychology Minor Studies (11 decks)

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