schizophrenia Flashcards
1
Q
lifetime prevalence, age of onset, and gender ratio for schizophrenia
A
- lifetime: 0.5-1% worldwide
- equal gender ratio
- age onset: early 20s (20-29)
2
Q
3 categories of schizophrenia symptoms general
A
- positive
- negative
- cognitive
3
Q
positive symptoms of schizophrenia
A
- hallucination: perception with no stimulus
- delusions: fixed false beliefs that aren’t common in person’s culture and aren’t amenable to change even with conflicting info
- disorganized thinking: loose associations, tangentiality, words salad, circumstantiality
- disorganized behaviour: odd inappropriate behaviour, catatonia
4
Q
negative symptoms of schizophrenia
A
- blunted affect: reduced emotional experience and expression
- anhedonia: lack of interest pleasure
- alogia: poor speech
- avolition: lack of motivation or ability to do tasks that have an end goal
- asociality: social withdrawl
5
Q
cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia
A
- social processing (theory of mind)
- attention (ignoring distractor, sustaining attention)
- working memory (mental math)
- processing speed
6
Q
if you are at clinical high risk, you have a ___% chance of developing schizophrenia with in 2 years
A
30-40%
7
Q
features at the baseline test of a study that contributed to prediction of psychosis
A
- history of substance abuse
- recent deterioration in functioning
- higher levels of suspicion/paranoia
- higher levels of unusual thought content
- genetic risk of schizophrenia
- greater social impairment
8
Q
cannabis and psychosis
A
- statistically significant
- ppl at greater risk of schizophrenia are more likely to be heavy cannabis users especially under 18y/o
- if you have the determining factors (genetic vulnerability, early initiation, disrupted neurodevelopment process, symptoms), with ongoing use it can lead to a poor outcome but if you stop use it can lead to good outcome
9
Q
too much glutamates are linked to
A
- anxiety,
- depression
- diabetes
- leaky gut
- neuro damage
- headaches
- atrial fibrillation
10
Q
endocannabinoids
A
- cannabinoid receptors on the GABA and glutamate cells (CB1/2 receptors)
- system plays role in regulating inhibitory GABA and exhibitory glutamate activity underlying neurogenesis
- high concentration of CB1 receptors in hippocampus helps to regulate memory acquisition, consolidation and retrieval
11
Q
exogenous cannabinoids
A
- THC
- binds to cannabinoid receptors and inhibits release of GABA and glutamate within the hippocampus
- long term use (especially w adolescents) can cause: down regulation of cannabinoid receptors and inhibition of synaptic changes that are needed for forming and consolidating memories
12
Q
environmental risks of developing schizophrenia
A
- prenatal: glucocorticoid release interfering with fetal neuro dev, prenatal paternal stress, fetal hypoxia, mother cannabis/nic use, viral infection, preeclampsia
- proximal: stressors (triggers symptoms in vulnerable people), chronic stress (family, financial), acute stress, childhood trauma, high expressed emotion hostility, criticism, over involvement)
13
Q
____% of ppl with schizophrenia had severe life stressors 3 months prior to onset
A
~50%
14
Q
ethnic disparities in schizophrenia
A
- higher rates and poorer long term outcomes
- prescription drugs use, specially 2nd gen anti psychotics, are lower in Black/Hispanic patients
- Black/hispanic patients less likely to get treatment than white patients
- due to social biases and institutional and interpersonal racism (clinician bias, unequal access to healthcare, lack of healthcare professionals in underserved areas, language barriers)
15
Q
treatment phases for schizophrenia
A
- acute: reduces symptoms severity
- stabilization: consolidates treatment gains
- maintenance: reduce residual symptoms, prevent relapse, and improve functioning
