intro and diagnostic issues

Question 1

point prevalence

Answer 1

could have had the disorder before but not now

Question 2

lifetime prevalence

Answer 2

the proportion of a population who, at some point in life, has ever had disorder characteristic

Question 3

epidemiology

Answer 3

• prevalence and distribution of a disorder in a pop
• determines what percent a disorder has in a pop

Question 4

etiology

Answer 4

• cause(s) of a disorder
• often multi determined

Question 5

disorders are heterogenous, meaning that ______

Answer 5

• they manifest differently in different people
• there is not one cause, there are multi factors

Question 6

pathology

Answer 6

• underlying psychological/neurobiological features of a disorder
• ex. shows features in midst of disorder/episode but not after
• ex. stays with a person and increases relapse of a disorder

Question 7

transdiagnostic

Answer 7

• part of etiology of many disorders, same factor can help manifest the disorder
• ex childhood trauma

Question 8

dx and tx

Answer 8

diagnosis, treatment

Question 9

essentialist approach to mental disorders

Answer 9

• ‘mental disorders are natural entities (categories) whose true nature can be discovered and described
• black and white thinking (either part of category or not)
• categories represent similarities and differences between ppl
• categories depict inherent structure of the world

Question 10

natural category

Answer 10

• grouping that reflects the structure of the natural world rather than interests and actions of humans
• exists naturally, DSM approach
• clear boundaries separating members and nonmembers
• properties that can validate membership

Question 11

sub threshold symptoms

Answer 11

• more prevalent than the full diagnosis
• they are equal to full diagnosis in terms of functional impairment
• associated with similar cog, bio, and social risk factors
• have similar impairment as full diagnosis

Question 12

What did a study on major depressive disorder and an essentialist approach find

Answer 12

• DSM diagnostic criteria are not reflective of a natural cont. in symptoms in the general pop
• a line separating diagnosis from no diagnosis is arbitrary (not factual)

Question 13

social constructionist approach

Answer 13

• concepts of mental disorder are social constructs and products of history and cultural understandings
• abstract ideas that are defined by ppl and reflect their values

Question 14

reified

Answer 14

• taken categories we made up and see it as real and definitive

Question 15

in a 2011 study, white americans were 1.5-3x more likely than other ethnicities to receive _______ diagnoses

Answer 15

anxiety or depression

Question 16

in a 2011 study, black americans were 2x more likely than other ethnicities to receive _______ diagnoses

Answer 16

schizophrenia

Question 17

In a 2011 study, ________ Americans were less than half as likely than other ethnicities to receive any diagnoses

Answer 17

asian, they are also less likely to receive treatment when diagnosed

Question 18

biomarkers of depression

Answer 18

• none
• common stat distributions: low 5-T-H (serotonin) and low HV (hypocampo volume)

Question 19

there are _____ symptom combos that fulfill DSM criteria for MDD dignoses

Answer 19

170

Question 20

heterogeneity can inform ______ medicine, which can in turn help each individual more that are struggling with mental disorders

Answer 20

personalized

Question 21

Alt options for diagnoses rather than DSMs natural category thinking

Answer 21

• RDoC (transdiagnostic domains)
• HiToP (dimensional model)