Schizophrenia

Question 1

description of antipsychotics and atypical antipsychotics as treatment and management of schizophrenia

Answer 1

• typical antipsychotics like chloropromazine block dpoamine receptors in the brain
• reduces agitation and hostility in the patient
• after over 2 weeks, reduction in positive symptoms can be seen

Question 2

sample of Sensky et al. (schizophrenia and CBT)

Answer 2

• 90 patients
• 16 – 60 years
• various clinics in the UK
• diagnoses of schizophrenia that had not responded to medication

Question 3

research method of Sensky et al. (schizophrenia and CBT)

Answer 3

longitudinal study

Question 4

experimental design of Sensky et al. (schizophrenia and CBT)

Answer 4

randomised control design with independent groups

Question 5

aim of Sensky et al. (schizophrenia and CBT)

Answer 5

To compare cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) with non-specific befriending interventions for patients with schizophrenia

Question 6

two participant groups in Sensky et al. (schizophrenia and CBT)

Answer 6

cognitive behavioral therapy group
non-specific befriending control group

Question 7

how both interventions (CBT and non-specific befriending) was delivered

Sensky et al. (schizophrenia and CBT)

Answer 7

Both interventions were delivered by two experienced nurses who received regular supervision

Question 8

how patients were assessed during study

Sensky et al. (schizophrenia and CBT)

Answer 8

• assessed by blind raters at 1) baseline, 2) after treatment (lasting up to 9 months) and 3) at a 9-month follow-up evaluation
• used measures including the Comprehensive Psychiatric Rating Scale, Scale for Assessment of Negative Symptoms, plus a depression rating scale

Question 9

how all patients were treated during study

Sensky et al. (schizophrenia and CBT)

Answer 9

• received a mean of 19 individual treatment sessions over 9 months
• receive routine care throughout the study
• assessed by blind raters before treatment, at treatment completion and at a 9-month follow-up

Question 10

how non-befriending control group patients were treated during study

Sensky et al. (schizophrenia and CBT)

Answer 10

1:1 sessions were offered to discuss hobbies, sports or current affairs

Question 11

how CBT group patients were treated during study

Sensky et al. (schizophrenia and CBT)

Answer 11

• followed distinct stages.
• discussed the emergence of their disorder, before tackling specific symptoms.
• Beliefs were challenged
• The nature and origin of positive symptoms were investigated

Question 12

results of Sensky et al. (schizophrenia and CBT)

Answer 12

• After treatment there was no significant difference between the two groups.
• Immediately following treatment period for both groups – significant overall reduction in positive and negative symptoms.
• After 9 months, improvement in CBT group but no longer evident in the befriending group

Question 13

conclusion of Sensky et al. (schizophrenia and CBT)

Answer 13

CBT is an effective treatment for reducing positive and negative symptoms of SZ and the benefits continue to last for over 9 months.

Question 14

duration of Sensky et al. (schizophrenia and CBT)

Answer 14

9 months

Question 15

positive symptoms of schizophrenia

description

Answer 15

experiences ‘in addition to’/’distortion of’ normal experience

Question 16

negative symptoms of schizophrenia

description

Answer 16

when levels of functioning/experiences fall below normal levels

Question 17

positive symptoms of schizophrenia outlined by ICD-11

Answer 17

1. delusions
2. hallucinations
3. disorganised thinking/speech
4. grossly disorganised behaviour/abnormal motor behaviour

Question 18

negative symptoms of schizophrenia outlined by ICD-11

Answer 18

1. diminised emotional expression
2. avolition
3. alogia
4. anhedonia
5. avolition asociality
6. flattened affect

Question 19

what Freeman et al. investigated

Answer 19

virtual reality and persecutory ideation

Question 20

Paranoia Scale

Freeman et al.

Answer 20

20 items, each had 5-point scale
scores range from 20 - 100

higher the score, higher the paranoid ideation

measures paranoia in college students
items assess persecutory and referential ideation

Question 21

aim of Freeman et al.

Answer 21

investigate whether using VR would be effective in assessing levels of persecutory ideation in participants that don’t have schizophrenia and experiences persecutory delusions

Question 22

sampling technique of Freeman et al

Answer 22

volunteer;
advertising within University College London for college students

Question 23

sample of Freeman et al

Answer 23

21 college students; 3 administrative staff from UCL