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Psychology > Schizophrenia > Flashcards

Schizophrenia Flashcards

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1
Q

ICD-10

A

Negative symptoms - avolition

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2
Q

DSM-5

A

Positive symptoms - delusions; hallucinations

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3
Q

Paranoid schizophrenic

A

Characterised by powerful delusions and hallucinations

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4
Q

Hebephrenic schizophrenic

A

Primarily negative symptoms

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5
Q

Catatonic schizophrenic

A

Disturbance to movement (leaving sufferer immobile or overactive)

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6
Q

Positive symptoms

A

Hallucinations: unusual sensory experiences
Delusions: irrational beliefs and paranoia

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7
Q

Negative symptoms

A

Avolition: loss of motivation > lowered activity levels
Speech poverty: reduced frequency and quality of speech

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8
Q

AO3 Diagnosis and classification: Symptom overlap

A

W
Possible overlap between symptoms of schiz and other conditions
E.g., schiz and bipolar involve positive symptoms
-> misdiagnosis

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9
Q

AO3 Diagnosis and classification: Cultural bias

A

W
African-Americans & English of Afro-Caribbean origin = more likely than white people to be diagnosed
Rates in Africa = not high

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10
Q

AO3 Diagnosis and classification: Gender bias

A

W
Longenecker - since 80s, men have been diagnosed with schiz more than women
More genetically vulnerable?
Or, gender bias: females typically function better

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11
Q

AO3 Diagnosis and classification: Reliability

A

W
Cheniaux = 2 psychiatrists diagnose 100 patients using DSM and ICD.
Inter-rater reliability = poor
One psychiatrist > 26 schiz DSM, 44 ICD
Other > 13 DSM, 24 ICD

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12
Q

Genetic basis of schiz (Gottesman)

A

Runs in families
Gottesman found that as genetic similarity increases, so does the probability of sharing schiz

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13
Q

Individual genes

A

Believed to be associated with risk of inheritance

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14
Q

Schiz = polygenic

A

Requires a number of factors to work in combo

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15
Q

Schiz = aetiologically heterogenous

A

Different combos of factors can lead to the condition

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16
Q

Dopamine hypothesis: neurotransmitters

A

Important in the functioning of several brain systems that may be implicated in the symptoms of schiz

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17
Q

Hyperdopaminergia in the subcortex

A

Original version of DH focused on role of high levels in subc, e.g., high levels in Broca’s may be associated w poverty of speech

18
Q

Hypodopaminergia in the cortex

A

More recent versions of DH focus on abnormal dopamine systems in the brain’s cortex
Identified role for low levels in the prefrontal c (thinking/decision-making impact)

19
Q

Neural correlates of negative symptoms

A

Avolition - anticipation of a reward. Certain regions of the brain believed to be involved.
Juckel: measured activity lvls in ventral striatum; found lower levels.

20
Q

Neural correlates of positive symptoms

A

Allen: scanned brains of patients w auditory hallucinations > compared to control group as they identified pre-rec speech as theirs or others.
Lower activation levels in superior temporal gyrus & anterior cingulate g; more errors

21
Q

Bio explanations AO3: Correlation-causation problem

A

Does the unusual activity in a region of the brain CAUSE the symptom?
E.g., correlation between lvls of activity in ventral striatum & neg sy. Also possible that neg sy mean less info passes through (reduced activity)

22
Q

Bio explanations AO3: Reductionist

A

Ignores psychological factors; only focuses on bio aspects. E.g., doesn’t consider schiz mother/double-bind theory

23
Q

Bio explanations AO3: Ev for genetic susceptibility

A

Adoption studies - show children of schiz sufferers are still at a heightened risk of the disorder if adopted into families w no history

24
Q

Bio explanations AO3: RWA

A

Explanations let to findings of drug therapies (typical/atypical antipsychotics to reduce intensity of sy) E.g, Clozapine

25
Q

Family dysfunction

A

Abnormal processes within a family acting as risk factors for schiz

26
Q

Schizophrenogenic mother

A

Fromm-Reichmann: noted many of her patients spoke of a particular type of parent (schiz causing)
-> Cold, rejecting, controlling

27
Q

Double-bind theory

A

Bateson: developing child fears doing the wrong thing but receives mixed msgs about what it is; unable to seek clarity
Child is punished by withdrawal of love
Leaves them with understanding of world as dangerous

28
Q

Expressed emotion

A
  1. Verbal criticism
  2. Hostility (anger & rejection)
  3. Emotional over-involvement
    High levels in carers = serious source of stress.
    Explanation for relapse
    Can trigger onset for vulnerable
29
Q

Cognitive explanations

A

S associated w several types of abnormal info processing
Characterised by disruption to normal thought processing
Low level of info processing = cognition likely impaired

30
Q

Frith: two types of dysfunctional thought processing

A

Metarepresentation, central control

31
Q

Metarepresentation

A

Cog ability to reflect on thoughts & behaviour
Allows insight to own goals
Allows us to interpret actions of others
Dysfunction in metarep = inability to recognise actions

32
Q

Central control

A

Cog ability to suppress automatic responses while we perform deliberate actions.
Disorganised speech & thought disorder could result from inability to suppress thoughts

33
Q

Psych explanations AO3: Correlation-causation problem

A

Does family dysfunction/dysfunctional thought processing cause the symptom?
E.g., possible that the symptoms cause a change in behaviour erupting family

34
Q

Psych explanations AO3: Reductionist

A

Ignores bio factors; only focuses of psych aspects
E.g., doesn’t consider dopamine hypothesis

35
Q

Psych explanations AO3: Support for family dysfunction as a risk factor

A

Ev to suggest difficult family relationships increase risk of schiz
Read: 46 studies of child abuse and schiz
69% had history of abuse

36
Q

Psych explanations AO3: Strong evidence for dysfunctional info processing

A

Stirling: compared 30 patients with diagnosis with 18 non w cognitive tasks
Stroop test
Patients took over twice as long

37
Q

Drug therapies

A

Most common treatment for schiz
Form of tablets/syrup
Short/long-term

38
Q

Typical antipsychotics
(Chlorpromazine)

A

Dosages increased over time
Strong association bet. use of C and dopamine hyp
Act as dopamine antagonists
Reduces hallucinations (normalises neurotransmission)
Used as a sedative

39
Q

Atypical antipsychotics
(Clozapine)

A

Withdrawn in 70s following deaths
Low dosage
Binds to dopamine receptors
Adds serotonin/glutamate receptors

40
Q

Atypical antipsychotics
(Risperidone)

A

Recently developed
Developed for drug without side effects
12mg max
Binds to dopamine/serotonin receptors
More strongly to dopamine

Psychology (7 decks)

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