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Psychology > Biopsych > Flashcards

Biopsych Flashcards

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1
Q

Divisions of the Nervous System

A
  1. Central NS
    Brain & Spinal C
  2. Peripheral NS
    Autonomic & Somatic
    ^ Sympathetic & Parasympathetic
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2
Q

Brain (NS)

A

Cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon; brain stem

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3
Q

Spinal Cord (NS)

A

Relays info between brain and rest of body.
Allows brain to monitor & regulate bodily functions

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4
Q

Autonomic NS

A

Unconscious automatic responses, e.g., heart beat
Internal processes/changes

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5
Q

Somatic NS

A

Contains sensory & motor neurons
S back to CNS; M from the CNS

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6
Q

Sympathetic NS

A

Fight/flight

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7
Q

Parasympathetic NS

A

Rest & digest

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8
Q

Sensory neuron

A

Carries signals to brain to activate sensory input from environment
Long dendrites; short axons

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9
Q

Motor neuron

A

Part of the CNS; transmit impulses from SC to muscles (controls movement)
Short dendrites; long axons

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10
Q

Relay neuron

A

Found in brain & spinal cord. Allows S and M to communicate. Passes signals
Short dendrites; short axons

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11
Q

Dendrites

A

Receive signals from other neurons

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12
Q

Cell membrane

A

Controls what substances go in and out of neuron

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13
Q

Nucleus

A

Contains DNA allowing processes to occur

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14
Q

Soma/cell body

A

Provides structure for the body

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15
Q

Axon

A

Carries electrical impulses

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16
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Insulating layer
Allows electrical impulses to transmit quickly

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17
Q

Nodes of Ranvier

A

Gaps where axon is left uncovered
Speeds up transmission

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18
Q

Terminal buttons

A

Sends signals to other neurons

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19
Q

Synaptic transmission process

A

AP –> axon –> terminal buttons in pre-synaptic cell –> neurotransmitters released from vesicles –> through synapse –> bind to receptor sites on post-synaptic neuron. + charge = excitation: AP reached; - charge = inhibition: AP not reached

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20
Q

Summation

A

Whether the neurotransmitter is more or less likely to fire

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21
Q

Endocrine system

A

Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Pineal, Thyroid, Adrenal (medulla & cortex), Ovaries, Testes

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22
Q

Hypothalamus

A

Stimulates and controls the release of hormones from the PG

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23
Q

Pituitary gland

A

‘Master gland’
Releases ACTH
Controls and stimulates the release of hormones from other glands

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24
Q

Pineal gland

A

Releases melatonin
Responsible for important biological rhythms (sleep-wake)

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25
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Releases thyroxine
Regulates metabolism

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26
Q

Adrenal Cortex

A

Releases cortisol
Breaks glycogen into glucose to provide the body with energy

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27
Q

Adrenal Medulla

A

Releases adrenaline & noradrenaline
Key hormone in fight/flight

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28
Q

Ovaries

A

Releases oestrogen
Controls regulation of female reproductive system, including menstrual c and pregnancy

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29
Q

Testes

A

Releases testosterone
Responsible for development of male sex characteristics during puberty

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30
Q

AAH

A

Attack, Amygdala, Hypothalamus

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31
Q

Sympathomedullary Pathway (SMP)

A

Short-term, fast acting, electrical activity

  1. Hypothalamus activates SMP branch of autonomic NS
  2. Adrenal M releases adrenaline
    Prepares body for f/f
  3. Leads to sympathetic changes
    E.g., Increased HR, BF, dilated pupils; DS processes pause
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32
Q

Pituitary adrenal system (PAS)

A

Response to ongoing stressful situations

  1. Hypothalamus signals PG
  2. Pituitary releases ACTH
  3. Detected by Adrenal C (releases cortisol = breaks glycogen to glucose to provide energy)
  4. Leads to parasympathetic changes
    E.g., Normal HR, BF, pupils; DS back in tact
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33
Q

F/F AO3 1: Protects us from situations

A

(+) Makes us more alert & prepared to decide
Creates physiological changes, e.g., increased HR
Enables humans to protect themselves quickly from threat

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34
Q

F/F AO3 2: Doesn’t apply to females

A

(-) Taylor suggested F adopt a tend & befriend response
F protect offspring and form alliances w/ other F’s
Highlights beta bias: assumption that F respond in same way

35
Q

F/F AO3 3: Human behaviour not limited to 2 responses

A

(-) Gray suggested first response to danger is to avoid confrontation
Freeze response
Humans are aware and evaluate situation for threat
Reductionist
Doesn’t explain cog factors

36
Q

Localisation of function

A

Specific areas in the brain have specific functions associated w/ them

37
Q

Frontal lobe

A

Problem solving, concentration; personality

38
Q

Temporal lobe

A

Hearing, language; memory

39
Q

Parietal lobe

A

Body awareness, sensations; attention

40
Q

Occipital lobe

A

Vision and perception

41
Q

Broca’s area

A

Frontal lobe
Speech control

42
Q

Wernicke’s area

A

Temporal lobe
Speech and language comprehension

43
Q

Somatosensory cortex

A

Parietal lobe
Skin sensations (temp/pain)

44
Q

Motor cortex

A

Frontal lobe
Control of voluntary muscles

45
Q

Visual cortex

A

Occipital lobe
Processor of visual info (colour/shape)

46
Q

Auditory cortex

A

Temporal lobe
Processor of sound

47
Q

LOF AO3 1: Case study

A

(+) Tan
Unable to produce any coherent words but ‘Tan’
PME after death by Broca
Discovered lesion in left frontal lobe
Assumption = area responsible for speech production

47
Q

LOF AO3 2: Equipotentiality theory

A

(-) Suggests fixed localisation is false
Supports plasticity
In tact areas can replace damaged ones
Lashley

48
Q

LOF AO3 3: RWA

A

(+) Objective technique
Allows issues with brain to be identified from fMRI and other brain scans
Speech and language therapies

49
Q

LOF AO3 4: Gender differences

A

(-) Fails to take individuals diff into account
Women = larger Broca’s & Wernicke’s areas than men
May explain greater ease of lang
Beta bias

50
Q

Left-hemisphere

A

Logic
Language
Problem-solving
Abstract thinking

51
Q

Right-hemisphere

A

Creativity
Holistic thinking
Intuition

52
Q

Corpus callosum

A

Nerve fibers connecting the two hemispheres, allowing interhemispheric communication

53
Q

Sperry method

A

11 epileptic patients with commissurotomy’s

54
Q

Sperry - recognition by touch

A

Patients shown object in left VF can pick up object with left hand but can’t verbalise selection.
Left hand able to select object closely associated with object presented.

55
Q

Sperry - drawing

A

Picture shown to left/right VF; patient asked to draw. Drawing consistently better when drawing with left hand

56
Q

Hemispheric/S-BR AO3 1: Tan case study

A

(+) Broca - post-mortem after death (could only say ‘Tan’)
Lesion in left frontal lobe - LH language-linked function

57
Q

AO3 Hemispheric/S-BR 2: Equipotentiality

A

(-) Sperry’s study - L&R have one function only (contrasts plasticity)
Turk: patient suffering damage to LH developed capacity to speak in RH

58
Q

AO3 Hemispheric/S-BR 3: RWA

A

(+) Brain-scanning techniques & speech and language therapies

59
Q

AO3 Hemispheric/S-BR: Gender differences

A

(-) Fails to consider ID. W have better functioning in left hem (B/W area larger) - greater ease of lang

60
Q

Plasticity/functional recovery key concepts

A

Brain areas can take over functions of others after damage
Brain can adapt quickly to new situations
Different life experiences affect diff areas

61
Q

Neural plasticity

A

Structural change
Recruitment of homologous areas
E.g., if Broca’s was damaged, the right-side equivalent would take over

62
Q

Bridging

A

New connections are created due to use/new stimulus

63
Q

Pruning

A

Connections are lost due to lack of use

64
Q

Video games + plasticity

A

Ptpts played Super Mario for at least 30m per day over 2m
Compared brain with control - increase in grey matter

65
Q

Plasticity AO1 1: Tan case study

A

(-) Broca - PME after Tan’s death - could only say Tan
Lesion in left frontal lobe. Language-linked function only

66
Q

Plasticity AO1 2: Contradictory research

A

(-) Sperry - picture shown to l/r vf: patient asked to draw. Drawing consistently better when drawn by left hand

67
Q

Plasticity AO1 3: Equipotentiality

A

(+) Lashley
Other areas have equal potential to overtake damaged
Trained mice to run through maze; sliced brain sections

68
Q

Plasticity AO1 4: RWA

A

(+) Understanding processes led to development of neurorehabilitation
Therapy of brain after trauma
SLT

69
Q

Electroencephalogram

A

Electrode hat
Measures brain waves/patterns generated from action of millions of neurons
Overall account of brain activity
Areas of no activity/unusual pattern = neuro abnormality

70
Q

Electroencephalogram AO3

A

+ Contributed to understanding of sleep (brain activity in diff sleep stages)
- Produces generalised info - not useful for pinpointing neural activity

71
Q

Event-related potentials

A

Similar basis to EEGs (procedure/activity patterns)
Way of isolating specific neural responses
Of interest to cog neuroscientists
Statistical averaging techniques - filters out extraneous brain activity
Leaves responses relating to task performance

72
Q

ERPs AO3

A

+ High temporal resolution
- Background noise/extraneous material must be eliminated - not always easy

73
Q

Functional MRI

A

Detects changes in blood oxygenation/flow
Active brain area consumes more oxygen
3D images - activation maps
Neurons most active during task being performed/measured

74
Q

FMRI AO3

A

+ Produces images with high spatial resolution - detail by the mm
- Expensive, can only capture clear image if still
- Can only measure blood flow

75
Q

Post-mortems

A

Analysis of brain following death
Brains subjected to PMEs most likely to have rare disorder
May involve comparison with neuro-typical brain
Detailed examination

76
Q

PME AO3

A

+ Broca/Wernicke relied on PMEs to establish links between language/behaviour
- Ethical issues of consent

77
Q

Circadian rhythm

A

Biological rhythms occurring around a 24-hr cycle

78
Q

Sleep-wake cycle

A
  1. Lack of light- optic nerve
  2. Suprachiasmatic nucleus (EP)
  3. Pineal gland - melatonin > sleep
  4. Light increase (EZ)
  5. Melatonin stops
  6. Cortisol - Adrenal Cortex
    Cyclical nature
79
Q

Endogenous pacemakers

A

Internal body clocks that regulate bio rhythms

80
Q

Exogenous zeitgebers

A

External cues that influence bio rhythms

81
Q

Circadian AO3 1: Individual differences

A

(-) Duffy - ‘morning people’ prefer to rise and go to bed early (6am-10pm); ‘evening people’ prefer to wake and go to bed later (10am-1am)

82
Q

Circadian AO3 2: Research support (Siffre)

A

(+) Absence of external cues altered CR
When returning from underground stay with no clocks/light, he believed date to be earlier than it was

83
Q

Circadian AO3 3: Animal studies support for EP

A

(+) Free-living eastern chipmunks
30 = SCN targeted lesions, 24 = surgical controls
More SCN-lesioned than surgical control/intact chipmunks killed by weasel predation during first 80 days
Relentlessness of SCN-lesioned animals acted as a clue to predator for locating prey

Psychology (7 decks)

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