Memory Flashcards
Multi-store model
Created by Atkinson & Shiffrin
Information processor model
Linear
Sensory register: coding
Modality specific
Sensory reg: capacity
Very large
Only what is paid attention to -> STM
Sensory reg: duration
Very short
As low as 250 milliseconds
Info cannot be retained for long
STM: coding
Acoustic
STM: capacity
Miller: 7 +/- 2 items (5-9)
Can be improved by chunking
STM: duration
Short
18-30 sec
Extended by verbal rehearsal
LTM: coding
Semantic
Meaningful connections
LTM: capacity
Potentially unlimited
LTM: duration
Potentially unlimited
MSM AO3: Research showing coding in STM is acoustic
+
Immediate recall worst for list acoustically similar words
MSM AO3: Vague explanation
-
WMM offers different STM stores
More in depth
MSM AO3: KF case study
-
Suggests there is more than one store for STM
Working memory model
Baddeley & Hitch
Not a linear model
Central executive
Allocates tasks to other slave systems
Phonological loop
Auditory info
Phonological store: Inner ear
Articulatory process: Inner voice
Limited capacity of what can be said in 2 sec
Visuo-spatial sketchpad
Inner eye
Visual cache: store of form/colour
Inner scribe: store of relationships between objects
Episodic buffer
Info is integrated and stored
(Added in 2000)
WMM AO3: KF case study
+
Brain injury > STM issues
Only verbal functioning affected (visual not)
Separate stores
WMM AO3: Better understanding of STM than the MSM
+
More in-depth model explaining more functions & a non-linear process
WMM AO3: Central executive is a vague concept
-
Undeveloped explanation of function
WMM AO3: Evidence
+
Baddeley
Ptpts: 2 tasks
2 visual, 2 visual, visual & verbal
^^^ Better results
Types of LTM: Episodic
Memory of experiences/specific events
Time-stamped
Recalled consciously
Autobiographical
Types of LTM: Semantic
Facts, meanings & concepts about the world
Not time-stamped
Recalled consciously
Not autobiographical
Types of LTM: Procedural
Unconscious memory of skills
Not time-stamped
Not recalled consciously
Not autobiographical
Types of LTM AO3: Clive Wearing CS
+
Retrograde amnesia
Suggests more than one type
Semantic + procedural in tact
Types of LTM AO3: RWA
+
Modern cognitive neuroscience brain scanning techniques
Allowed researchers to study brain
fMRIs = identify which memory type is associated with which area
Types of LTM AO3: Support from neuroimaging research
+
Tulving
Ptpts perform tasks whilst having PET scan
S memories involved left prefrontal cortex
E = right PFC
Explanations for forgetting
Interference theory
Retrieval failure
Proactive interference
Old info interferes with new
Retroactive interference
New info interferes with old
McGeoch & McDonald study (IT)
Studied retro int by changing similarity of material
Learn list until 100% accuracy
Synonyms, antonyms, unrelated, 3 digits, consonant syl, no list
(F) synonyms (similar) = worst recall
Effects of similarity (IT)
Interference more likely if 2 pieces of info are similar
Response competition
Effects of time sensitivity (IT)
Interference less likely if large gap between learning info
Interference theory AO3: Artificial tasks
-
Lacks mundane realism
Interference theory AO3: Evidence from lab studies
+
Control effects of irrelevant inferences
High validity
Interference theory AO3: Real-life studies
+
Baddeley & Hitch
Rugby players
Recall of teams played week by week that season
Number of games played in meantime recalled better if no more had been played since 3w ago
