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Psychology > Approaches > Flashcards

Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

Early philosophical roots

A

Locke - empiricism: all experience can be obtained through the senses > forms basis
Darwin - evolutionary theory: all behaviour has changed over generations > more adaptive genes survive & reproduce

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2
Q

Wundt

A

First ever lab dedicated to psychological enquiry opened by Wundt
Father of Psychology
Structuralism: braking down thoughts, images; feelings

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3
Q

Introspection

A

Looking into the human mind. Ptpts asked to reflect on own cog processes; describe them

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4
Q

Psych as a science: 4 goals

A
  1. Description - what occurred
  2. Explanation - why it occurred
  3. Prediction - likely to occur
  4. Change - altering what occurred
    Use of scientific methods
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5
Q

Introspection/psych as a science AO3

A

+ Psych as a science focuses on being objective; conducting research in strictly controlled environments
- Introspection provides subjective data

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6
Q

Behaviourism assumptions

A

Explaining behaviour in terms of what is observable
Determined through experience
Blank slates

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7
Q

Classical conditioning

A

Learning through association

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8
Q

Pavlov’s study

A

UCS > UCR
food salivation
NS > NR
bell
UCS + NS > UCR
food bell salivation
CS > CR
bell salivation

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9
Q

Operant conditioning

A

Learning through reinforcement
Pos & neg reinforcement increase likelihood of repeating behaviour. Punishment decreases

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10
Q

Positive reinforcement

A

Receiving reward when certain behaviour performed

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11
Q

Negative reinforcement

A

Avoiding something unpleasant

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12
Q

Punishment

A

Unpleasant consequence

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13
Q

Skinner’s study

A

Every time rat activated a lever in the box = rewarded with food pellet
Would continue to perform behaviour

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14
Q

Behaviourism AO3 1: RWA

A

+ Token economy systems in prisons/institutions. Exchanging tokens for rewards to improve behaviour

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15
Q

Behaviourism AO3 2: Support for classical

A

+ Little Albert - conditioned to fear rats through noise
UCS > UCR
noise fear
NS > NR
rat
UCS + NS > UCR
noise rat fear
CS > CR
rat fear

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16
Q

Behaviourism AO3 3: Scientific credibility

A

+ Focuses on measurement of observable behaviour in highly controlled lab settings
Objectivity & replication emphasised
Nomothetic

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17
Q

Behaviourism AO3 4: Environmentally deterministic

A
  • Sees all behaviour as determined by experiences. Ignores influences of free will
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18
Q

Social Learning Theory assumptions

A

Behaviour is learned through observation & imitation of behaviour from those around us
Can be direct/indirect

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19
Q

Vicarious reinforcement

A

Indirect - observing behaviour of others
May imitate but only if behaviour is rewarded
Observes consequences

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20
Q

Mediational processes

A
  1. Attention - extent to which we notice behaviour
  2. Retention - how well it is remembered
  3. Motor reproduction - ability to perform
  4. Motivation - will to perform
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21
Q

Identification

A

Role models
Similar characteristics to learners
More likely to imitate if they identify with them

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22
Q

SLT AO3 1: Supporting research

A

+ Bandura
A saw praise for abusing doll
B saw punishment
C saw no response
(F) group A most likely to imitate, then C, then B

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23
Q

SLT AO3 2: Underestimates influence of biological factors

A
  • Consistent findings in bobo exp = boys more aggressive than girls
    May be explained by hormones (diff in level of testosterone - increased aggression)
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24
Q

SLT AO3 3: RWA

A

+ Copycat killings; criminal activity understanding
Observing someone engaging in crime makes someone more likely
E.g., James Bulger killers & Childs Play 3

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25
Q

SLT AO3 4: Problems with causality

A
  • Other factors may be involved, e.g., deprivation likely to influence engagement in crime
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26
Q

Cognitive assumptions

A

Argues internal mental processes should be scientifically studied
Investigates areas neglected by behaviourists
Private processes; cannot be observed

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27
Q

Brain and computer model

A

Brain stores info (memory)
Computer stores info (data)
Brain’s input = senses, output = behaviour

28
Q

Role of schema

A

Mental frameworks
Package of ideas developed through experience
Born with simple motor schema for innate behaviour
Becomes more detailed as we grow
Enables us to process info quickly

29
Q

Emergence of cognitive neuroscience

A

Mapping brain areas to specific cog functions
E.g., Broca’s and speech production
Advances in brain scanning techniques - scientists able to describe neuro basis of mental processes - establishes basis of mental disorders, e.g., OCD/Basal Ganglia

30
Q

Cognitive AO3 1: Research support for schemas

A

+ Bugelski
Rat-man: two groups - pic sequence
1) faces 2) animals
Ptpts who saw faces more likely to see man; ptpts who saw animals likely to see rat

31
Q

Cognitive AO3 2: Machine reductionism

A
  • Ignores influence of human emotion/motivation on cog system + how this may affect ability to process info
    E.g., research into memory and anxiety on EWT
32
Q

Cognitive AO3 3: RWA

A

+ Development of AI & thinking machines (robots); advances that may alter how we live in the future

33
Q

Cognitive AO3 4: Scientific and objective methods

A

+ Highly controlled methods of study to enable researchers to infer cog processes. E.g., lab exp = reliable, objective. Cog neuro enable bio + cog psych to merge

34
Q

Biological assumptions

A

We must look at bio processes & structures to explain behaviour
Physical brain rather than thinking processes

35
Q

Genetic basis of behaviour

A

Are behavioural characteristics inherited?
Twin studies: concordance rates comparison. MZ usually higher concordance than DZ - 100% shared genes

36
Q

Genotype

A

Unique genetic makeup coded in chromosomes
Fixed at conception, e.g., having blonde hair

37
Q

Phenotype

A

Expression of genetic makeup - can be influenced by environment, e.g., dyeing hair red

38
Q

Evolution

A

Natural selection - survival of the fittest
Genetically determined behaviour enhances survival/will be passed on

39
Q

Biological AO3 1: Scientific methods

A

+ Makes use of precise/scientific methodology, e.g., fMRIs/EEGs/twin studies
Advances in tech = possible to accurately measure bio processes

40
Q

Biological AO3 2: RWA

A

+ Increased understanding of biochem processes in the brain > development of psychoactive drugs
Treat mental illness, able to manage condition

41
Q

Biological AO3 3: Causal conclusions

A
  • Offers explanations for MI in terms of action of neurotransmitters. Association between factors does not mean one is a cause
42
Q

Biological AO3 4: Reductionism

A
  • Biologically reductionist
    Ignores other exp, e.g., schema/vicarious reinforcement/id, ego; superego
43
Q

Role of the unconscious

A

Iceberg model
Contains disturbing memories repressed/locked away/forgotten
Can be accessed through parapraxes
Preconscious = accessed if desired

44
Q

Id

A

Pleasure principle
Gets what it wants
Only one present at birth
Entirely selfish
Demands gratification

45
Q

Ego

A

Reality principle
Mediator
Develops around 2
Reduced conflict by employing defence mechanisms

46
Q

Superego

A

Morality principle
Formed at end of phallic stage (5)
Sense of right and wrong
Punishes for wrongdoing

47
Q

Defence mechanisms

A
  1. Repression - forcing distressed memory out of conscious mind
  2. Denial - refusing to acknowledge aspect of reality
  3. Displacement - transferring feelings onto substitute target
48
Q

Psychosexual stages

A
  1. Oral 0-1
  2. Anal 1-3
  3. Phallic 3-5
  4. Latency
  5. Genital
49
Q

Focus of pleasure and fixation - oral stage

A

FOP - mouth
Oral fixation: smoking/nail biting

50
Q

Focus of pleasure and fixation - anal stage

A

FOP - anus
Anal retentive: perfectionist/obsessive
Anal expulsive: thoughtless/messy

51
Q

Focus of pleasure and fixation - phallic stage

A

FOP - genital area
Oedipus/Electra complex
Phallic personality: narcissism/recklessness/homosexuality

52
Q

Fixation - latency stage

A

Earlier conflicts repressed

53
Q

Fixation - genital stage

A

Develops during puberty
Sexual desires become conscious
Difficulty forming heterosexual relationships

54
Q

Psychodynamic AO3 1: Explanatory power

A

+ Controversial: huge influence.
Used to explain wide range of phenomena. Draws attention to connection between exp in childhood & later dev

55
Q

Psychodynamic AO3 2: Case study for Oedipus Complex

A

+ Freud claims boys develop hate for F during OC. Little Hans - phobia of horses after seeing one collapse > phobia formed from fear of father; displaced

56
Q

Psychodynamic AO3 3: RWA

A

+ Explains why some people become criminal as a result of childhood (weak, deviant/over-harsh)

57
Q

Psychodynamic AO3 4: Untestable concepts

A
  • Does not meet scientific criterion of falsification - not open to empirical testing. What is at unconscious level cannot be tested
58
Q

Free will

A

Free to choose own thoughts
Self-determining whilst still being affected by external/internal influences
Rejection of scientific models to establish general principles

59
Q

Self-actualisation

A

Every person has innate tendency to achieve full potential
Represents highest level of hierarchy

60
Q

Maslow’s hierarchy

A
  1. Self-actualisation
  2. Self-esteem
  3. Love & belonging
  4. Safety & security
  5. Physiological needs
61
Q

The self, congruence; conditions of worth

A

Rogers
For personal growth to be achieved, concept of self must be equivalent to their ideal self
Will experience state of incongruence if big gap exists between two selves
^ Self-actualisation will not be possible

62
Q

Client-centered therapy

A

Helping people cope with problems of everyday living
Issues we experience explained by unconditional positive regard
Parents who set boundaries for children can cause psychological problems

63
Q

Humanistic AO3 1: Not reductionist

A

+ Humanists reject attempts to break up behaviour into smaller components; look at it as a whole

64
Q

Humanistic AO3 2: Cultural bias

A
  • Ideas more associated with individualist cultures
    Collectivists emphasise needs of group
    Not all can reach needs prior
65
Q

Humanistic AO3 3: Untestable concepts

A
  • Includes vague ideas difficult to test
    May be a useful therapeutic tool but difficult to test under experimental conditions
66
Q

Humanistic AO3 4: Positive approach

A

+ Humanists praised for bringing the person back into psych; promoting positive image
Freud saw humans as slaves to their past
Humanists - optimistic alternative

Psychology (7 decks)

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