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Psychology > Attachment > Flashcards

Attachment Flashcards

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1
Q

Reciprocity

A

Responding to each other’s signals

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2
Q

Tronick’s still face experiment

A

Baby becomes distressed when caregiver turns away or has no expression

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3
Q

Interactional synchrony

A

Reflecting the actions and emotions of one another in a coordinated and mirrored way

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4
Q

Meltzoff and Moore

A

Baby would imitate one of three faces/gestures the caregiver performed

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5
Q

Parent-infant attachment
Schaffer & Emerson

A

Majority of babies become attached to their mother first & become attached to a SCG around 18 months (75% father)

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6
Q

Role of the father
Grossman

A

Longitudinal observation of quality of teen attachment with m and f
Fathers only have purpose of play and stimulation

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7
Q

Role of the father
Field

A

Films of 4 month old babies interacting with SCG fathers and PCG fathers
Fathers can be PCGs with a more nurturing and caring side
PCG = smiling, imitating; holding

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8
Q

Caregiver-infant interactions/att figures AO3 1: Controlled observations

A

+
Captures fine detail
E.g., captures mother & infant from multiple angles
Less demand characteristics

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9
Q

Caregiver-infant interactions/att figures AO3 2: Hard to know what is happening when observing infants

A

-
What is being observed is merely hand movements and expression
Might not be deliberate
Temperament

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10
Q

Caregiver-infant interactions/att figures AO3 3: Biological support for mothers as PCGs

A

+
Taylor
Female hormones create higher levels of nurturing; women are biologically pre-disposed to the PCG
Protection of offspring

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11
Q

Schaffer & Emerson procedure

A

60 babies - 31 male, 29 female, Glasgow; working-class
Visited every month for 1st year & again at 18 months
Mothers asked questions about protest babies showed in 7 everyday separations

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12
Q

Schaffer & Emerson findings

A

25-32 weeks = 50% signs of separation anxiety to particular adult (most interactive)
40 weeks = 80% specific, a few multiple

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13
Q

Asocial stage

A

Recognising and forming bonds
Similar behaviour with objects and humans
Happier in preference of other humans

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14
Q

Indiscriminate stage

A

2-7m
More observable social behaviour
Preference for people rather than objects
Usually accept comfort from anyone/do not show anxiety

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15
Q

Specific stage

A

7m
Start to display anxiety with strangers; when separated
Formation of a PCG

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16
Q

Multiple attachments stage

A

Extending to secondary
Others who spend time

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17
Q

Schaffer AO3 1: Good external validity

A

+
Carried out in own homes
Observation mostly done by parents
Unlikely researcher effects
More natural behaviour

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18
Q

Schaffer AO3 2: Monotropy

A

-
Alternative
Only one figure is responsible in ensuring sufficient development

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19
Q

Schaffer AO3 3: Unrepresentative sample

A

-
Same place; social class
Child-rearing practices vary (identified in SS)
Ungeneralisable

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20
Q

Schaffer AO3 4: Measuring attachment

A

-
Just because a baby is distressed when someone leaves the room doesn’t mean that is the issue
Temperament
Babies unable to clarify
Cause and effect, e.g., hunger

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21
Q

Lorenz method

A

Division of goose egg clutch
Half hatched with mother, half in incubator

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22
Q

Lorenz findings

A

Incubator group followed L; control group followed mother (imprinting)
Critical period few hours after hatching

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23
Q

Sexual imprinting

A

Birds imprinted on a human later displayed courtship behaviour towards them

24
Q

Harlow method

A

16 baby monkeys
One wire, one cloth: milk dispenser
Monkeys scared

25
Q

Harlow findings

A

Monkeys cuddled cloth mother to sought comfort

26
Q

Harlow conclusion

A

Contact comfort is key

27
Q

Harlow: maternally deprived monkeys as adults

A

Permanent effect
Monkeys going to wire models less sociable; more aggressive
90 day critical period - damage done irreversible

28
Q

Animal studies AO3 1: Generalisability

A

-
Mammalian attachment different to humans
E.g., mammalian mothers show more emotional attachment; may be able to form attachment at any time

29
Q

Animal studies AO3 2: Questionable observations

A

-
Guiton
Chickens imprinted on yellow washing up gloves would try to mate with them as adults but learned to prefer other chickens

30
Q

Animal studies AO3 3: Ethical issues

A

-
Psychological harm

31
Q

Animal studies AO3 4: RWA

A

+
Helped social workers understand risk factors in child neglect; how to prevent it
Care of captive monkeys

32
Q

Cupboard love

A

Emphasises importance of caregiver as a provider of food
Child learns to love whoever feeds them

33
Q

Classical conditioning (CLT)

A

UCS > UCR
food pleasure
NS > NR
mother
UCS + NS > UCR
food mum pleasure
CS > CR
mum pleasure

34
Q

Operant conditioning (CLT)

A

Positive reinforcement - crying leads to response from caregiver, e.g., feeding
Negative reinforcement - baby stops crying; mother escapes something unpleasant

35
Q

Attachment as a secondary drive

A

Drive reduction - hunger (primary drive): innate, bio motivator.
Attachment: secondary drive (becomes generalised to them)

36
Q

Learning theory of attachment AO3 1: Counter-evidence from animal research

A

-
Young animals do not necessarily attach to those who feed them
E.g., Lorenz - geese imprinted before fed

37
Q

Learning theory of attachment AO3 2: Counter-evidence from human research

A

-
Schaffer & Emerson
Many babies developed primary attachment to biological mother even though other carers did most of the feeding

38
Q

Learning theory of attachment AO3 3: Ignores other factors

A

-
E.g., reciprocity/interactional synchrony
Studies shown best quality att with sensitive carers who pick up signals

39
Q

Learning theory of attachment AO3 4: Supporting evidence

A

+
Conditioning works in many cases
E.g., Pavlov
Dogs can salivate to the sound of a bell which they associated with food

40
Q

Monotropy

A

One person is diff/more important
Presumably mother

41
Q

Continuity

A

Consistency of a child’s care = better quality

42
Q

Law of accumulated separation

A

Effects of every separation from the mother add up

43
Q

Social releasers

A

Babies born with set of innate behaviours that encourage attention from adults

44
Q

Critical period

A

Time bond must form if it is to at all
2 1/2 years

45
Q

Internal working model

A

Template/mental representation
Affects future relationships
Brings qualities along

46
Q

Monotropic theory AO3 1: Multiple attachment

A

-
Schaffer and Emerson
Found babies attached to one figure at first but continued to form multiple
More than one may affect IWM

47
Q

Monotropic theory AO3 2: Support for IWM

A

+
Bailey
99 mothers - assessed att quality with 1 y/o babies & their mothers & their own mothers
Mothers reporting poor att with own parents more likely to share same bond

48
Q

Monotropic theory AO3 3: Socially sensitive idea

A

-
Law of accumulated separation = burden of responsibility on mothers: pushes them into particular lifestlye

49
Q

Monotropic theory AO3 4: Contrasting evidence to assumption about mothers as PCGs

A

-
Field
PCG fathers have equal ability as PCG mothers to be nurturing/caring

50
Q

Strange situation procedure

A
  1. Child explores playroom (exploration)
  2. Stranger interaction (stranger anxiety)
  3. CG leaves stranger with child (stranger/separation)
  4. CG returns, stranger leaves (reunion/exploration)
  5. Child left alone (separation)
  6. Stranger returns (stranger)
  7. CG returns (reunion)
51
Q

Secure (B) findings SS

A

Explore happily
Proximity seek
Mod sep/str
Accept comfort from CG at reunion

52
Q

Insecure-avoidance (A) findings SS

A

Explore freely
Do not proximity seek
Little reaction/need for comfort when CG leaves/returns
Low str

53
Q

Insecure-resistant (C) findings SS

A

Proximity seek greatly
Explore less
High str/sep
Resist comfort at reunion

54
Q

Strange situation AO3 1: Culture-bound

A

-
Ethnocentric
Solely a US focus - does not have same meaning in diff countries outside Western
Japanese M rarely separate from B

55
Q

Strange situation AO3 2: Not completely reliable labels

A

-
Ungeneralisable to all
At least one more: minority
DISORGANISED - mix of resistant/avoidant

56
Q

Strange situation AO3 3: Support for validity in real-life cases

A

+
Secure tend to have better outcomes
E.g., success at school/romantic relationships
Insecure-resistant = worst (bullying/adult MH problems)

57
Q

Strange situation AO3 4: Good inter-rater reliability

A

+
Diff observers agree on what att type to classify
Controlled conditions - beh categories easy to observe
Bick - looked at IRR (F) agreement for 94% tests

Psychology (7 decks)

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