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Schizophrenia Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the medical definition of schizophrenia?

A

When a person struggles to relate to reality and experiences untrue events

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2
Q

What are the negative symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Avolition- struggling in goal-related activity
Speech poverty- failure to produce speech and hold meaningful conversations

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3
Q

What are the positive symptoms of schizophrenia?

A

Hallucinations- seeing and hearing false things
Delusions- believing wrong things such as being an important historical figure

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4
Q

What word describes the genetic features of schizophrenia?

A

polygenetic

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5
Q

What were Gottesman’s findings in relation to genes and schizophrenia?

A

the more similar the genetics are to someone with schizophrenia the higher the risk of developing it Monozygotic twins at 48% and Grandchildren at 5%

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6
Q

name two examples that Gottsman outlined.

A

Monozygotic twin-48%
grandchildren-5%

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7
Q

What did Ripke do in line with candidate genes?

A

observed the genetic make-up of 37,000 schizophrenia patients to a control group of 113,000

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8
Q

What was Ripke’s conclusion?

A

108 genetic variations are associated with an increased risk of developing schizophrenia.

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9
Q

what is meant by co-morbidity?

A

two or more disorders

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10
Q

how is schizophrenia co-morbid?

A

50% of schizophrenia patients are co-morbid usually having depression as well as SZ

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11
Q

What was Brown’s procedure for researching mutating genes?

A

Observed sperm mutation in fathers and linked the age of a father to an increased risk of offspring with schizophrenia

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12
Q

What do Brown’s findings show surrounding genetic mutation in fathers?

A

The likely hood of mutations in older fathers relates to an increase chance of their children having schizophrenia with 0.7% chance in fathers above 25 and 2% chance in fathers over 50

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13
Q

What neurotransmitter is closely linked to schizophrenia?

A

Dopamine

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14
Q

What is the original dopamine hypothesis?

A

Schizophrenic symptoms are due to an excess of dopamine receptors in pathways in the affected areas E.G. speech poverty if its in the Broca’s area

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15
Q

How can dopamine cause schizophrenia?

A

High levels of dopamine as drugs used to treat schizophrenia caused symptoms similar to Parkinson’s disease (which is associated with low dopamine levels)

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16
Q

Who proposed the updated dopamine hypothesis?

A

Kenneth Davis

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17
Q

What does the updated dopamine hypothesis add in addition to low levels of dopamine?

A

Hypodopaminergia (low levels in effected areas of the brain)

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18
Q

How can hypodopaminergia explain schizophrenic symptoms?

A

depending on where the low levels of dopamine are outline which symptom is likely E.G. the prefrontal cortex (responsible for thinking) can explain the cognitive symptoms involved.

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19
Q

What is meant by the term Schizophrenogenic mother?

A

Schizophrenia causing mother

20
Q

What are the common features of a schizophrenogenic mother?

A

They create a family climate based on tension and secrecy. They are often cold and rejecting

21
Q

What does the double-bind theory suggest about communication?

A

Communication style is extremely important in developing schizophrenia

22
Q

According to the double-bind theory, what does a child experience in a dysfunctional family climate?

A

They receive mixed messages about doing the wrong thing but don’t understand what it is. When the get it wrong (which is often) they are punished by a withdrawal of love

23
Q

What is expressed emotion (EE)?

A

The level of negative emotion expressed towards a patient with schizophernia by their caregivers

24
Q

What are the three features of expressed emotion?

A

Verbal criticism
Hostility
Emotional overinvolvement in patients life

25
Q

State a typical antipsychotic drug.

A

Chlorprozamine

26
Q

State an atypical antipsychotic drug.

A

Risperidone

27
Q

What are the features of Typical antipsychotics (chlorpromazine)?

A

works as an antagonist in the dopamine system by blocking dopamine receptors in the brain’s synapses normalising dopamine levels

28
Q

What are the features of atypical antipsychotics (risperidone)?

A

binds to dopamine receptors as well as acting on serotonin which results in improved mood and reduction in depression

29
Q

State some side effects of typical antipsychotics

A

Dizziness and sleepiness

30
Q

What are the two types of psychological therapy for schizophrenia?

A

Familly therapy and CBT (cognitive behavioural therapy)

31
Q

How is CBT used to treat schizophrenia?

A

Helps clients recognise their delusions as irrational

32
Q

How does family therapy benefit people who experience schizophrenia (first-hand and second-hand)?

A

Uses the schizophrenogenic mother and double-bind theories to improve family communication. This reduces negative emotions and improves the families ability to help

33
Q

How can token economies help manage schizophrenia in institutions (hospitals)?

A

uses positive reinforcement in order to encourage patients to perform behaviours that they miss out on. these behaviours are specific to the selected patients

34
Q

How do Token economies work?

A

Tokens are rewarded to patients when they preform certain tasks such as making their bed or cleaning up

35
Q

What are some issues with token economies?

A

Patients in psychiatric hospitals are often not there on their own accord
They give professionals the means to control another behaviour

36
Q

What does the Diatheses stress model say about the development of schizophrenia?

A

In order to develop schizophrenia a vulnerability and a stress-trigger is needed

37
Q

What is Meehl’s model derived from the diatheses stress model?

A

Vulnerability was entirely genetic as it was the result of a “schizogene” which created a vulnerability to stress and therefore schizophrenia

38
Q

What is the modern understanding of diatheses?

A

we now know that vulnerability does not come form a single “schizogene”. Studies have identified that childhood trauma can effect brain development making a person more vulnerable to stress

39
Q

What is the modern understanding of stress?

A

Modern studies have shown that cannabis use is the strongest stress factor concerning schizophrenia increasing the risk by up to 7 times

40
Q

What was Cheneaux’s procedure when investigating diagnosis of schizophrenia?

A

She gave two psychiatrists the DSM-5 or the ICD-10 and had them diagnose the same 100 participants

41
Q

What was Cheneaux’s findings when studying the diagnosis from ICD-10 and DSM-5?

A

ICD-10 diagnosed 68 people
DSM-5 diagnosed 39 people

42
Q

What did Read et al identify about people with schizophrenia’s early childhoods?

A

69% of schizophrenic women and 59% of schizophrenic men suffered from early physical/sexual abuse

43
Q

What did Thorley find regarding the effectiveness of Chlorpromazine when reducing schizophrenia symptoms?

A

Chlorpromazine was far more effective in reducing symptoms than compared to a placebo

44
Q

What did McFarlane find regarding the relapse rates of family therapy?

A

Family therapy caused relapse rates to drop by 50%-60%

45
Q

What is an issue with the typical antipsychotic chlorpromazine in regards to a patients blood?

A

Chlorpromazine can be fatal to those with blood conditions meaning those who take the drug must undergo regular blood checks which are uncomfortable and inconvenient

46
Q

What was the concordance rate found by Rike Hilker regarding dizygotic twins who are at risk of gaining schizophrenia but live in different environments?

A

33%

47
Q

How does Nina Morkved show that Schizophrenia is not purely biological?

A

She found that 67% of people who had schizophrenia and similar psychotic issues reported at least one childhood trauma

Psychology (11 decks)

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