Memory

Question 1

Outline the features of short term memory?

Answer 1

Coding is mainly acoustic (sounds) and recall duration is usually 18 seconds

Question 2

Outline the features of Long-term memory?

Answer 2

Coding is mainly semantic (meaning) with an unlimited capacity

Question 3

Define coding

Answer 3

the way in which information is stored in various memory stores

Question 4

What does capacity mean in terms of memory?

Answer 4

the amount of information that can be held in a memory store

Question 5

Who made the multi-store model of memory?

Answer 5

Atkinson and Shiffrin

Question 6

What are the three stores in the multi-store memory model?

Answer 6

Sensory register
Short term memory
Long term memory

Question 7

What is the sensory register (in the multi-store memory model)?

Answer 7

Memory store for our five senses

Question 8

How can patient KF be used as a strength for the working memory model?

Answer 8

He shows that there may be multiple STM as his memory of digits read aloud to him was poor but was much better when he read the digits to himself

Question 9

What are the three types of long-term memory?

Answer 9

Episodic
Procedural
Semantic

Question 10

What is episodic memory?

Answer 10

memory of personal events/episodes such as a wedding

Question 11

What is procedural memory?

Answer 11

our knowledge of how to do things such as the skills we have learnt such as swimming

Question 12

What is semantic memory?

Answer 12

our knowledge of the world such as what words mean

Question 13

Who proposed the working memory model?

Answer 13

Baddeley and Hitch

Question 14

What are the four features of the Working memory model?

Answer 14

Central executive
Phonological loop
Visio-spatial sketchpad
Episodic buffer

Question 15

What is the central executive?

Answer 15

monitors the incoming data and sends it to the necessary component of the WMM

Question 16

What is the phonological loop?

Answer 16

processes sound information including both written and spoken material

Question 17

What is the phonological loop divided into?

Answer 17

Phonological store
Articulatory process

Question 18

What is the Visio-spatial sketchpad?

Answer 18

responsible for processing visual and spatial information

Question 19

What does the episodic buffer do?

Answer 19

Brings together material from all components of the WMM and puts them into one memory store as well as connects them to the LTM

Question 20

What are the two explanations for forgetting?

Answer 20

Interference theory
Retrieval failure

Question 21

What are the two types of interference?

Answer 21

Proactive and Retroactive

Question 22

What is proactive interference?

Answer 22

when old memories disrupt the recall of new memories

Question 23

What is retroactive interference?

Answer 23

when new memories disrupt the recall of old memories

Question 24

What is retrieval failure?

Answer 24

we forget things when we don’t have the necessary cues to access the memory

Question 25

What is a cue in reference to memory?

Answer 25

a “trigger” of information that allows us to access a memory

Question 26

What are two types of forgetting proposed by retrieval failure?

Answer 26

Context dependent forgetting
State dependent forgetting

Question 27

What is context dependent forgetting?

Answer 27

the cue needed to trigger the memory is based on external factors such as the whether or a place

Question 28

What is state dependent forgetting?

Answer 28

the cue needed to trigger a memory is internal such as how we feeling upset or being drunk

Question 29

What research supports context-dependent forgetting?

Answer 29

Divers where told to learn words either on land or under water and then recall them in the same or different conditions. Recall of the words were better when the conditions where the same when the words were being learnt

Question 30

What research supports state-dependent forgetting?

Answer 30

Participants were given a drug that made them drowsy before being told to remember a list of words. Recall of the words was better when the participants where on the drug when recalling the words

Question 31

What two factors affect the accuracy of eyewitness testimony?

Answer 31

Misleading information
Anxiety

Question 32

What is misleading information in terms of eyewitness testimony?

Answer 32

incorrect information given to an eyewitness usually after the event

Question 33

What is a leading question?

Answer 33

A question which is phrased to produce a certain answer

Question 34

What research offers support for leading questions by Loftus and Palmer?

Answer 34

Two groups where shown a video of the same car crash and were asked to estimate the speed of either the “hit” or the “crash”. The groups who had a question that suggested a crash estimated higher speeds

Question 35

What is post event discussion?

Answer 35

multiple witnesses may discuss what they have seen and alter there eyewitness account to add things they haven’t seen

Question 36

What research offers support for post event discussion by Gabbert?

Answer 36

participants watched videos in pairs at different angles and some where allowed to discuss what they had seen with each other. 71% of the participants that spoke to each other recalled features of the video that they had not seen

Question 37

what are the two features of misleading information?

Answer 37

Post event discussion
Leading questions

Question 38

How can anxiety have a negative effect on recall?

Answer 38

Through the weapon effect

Question 39

Outline research into anxiety and the weapon effect on eyewitness testimony

Answer 39

Two groups of participants in a waiting room overheard either a casual conversation or an argument followed by either a man leaving with a pen in his hand or a bloody knife. Those who had seen the bloody knife preformed poorer when recalling the situation

Question 40

How can anxiety have a positive effect on recall?

Answer 40

Fight or flight can increase alertness

Question 41

What research supports that anxiety has a positive effect on recall?

Answer 41

13 witnesses to a real life shooting involving a gunman in a shop where able to accurately identify the man months after. The most stressed participants where the most accurate in their recollection

Question 42

How can you improve eyewitness testimony?

Answer 42

Cognitive interview

Question 43

What are the four stages of the cognitive interview?

Answer 43

Report everything
Reinstate the context
Reverse the order
Change perspective

Question 44

Which study using rugby players shows real world application of interference?

Answer 44

Rugby players were asked to recall teams they had played against in a season. Those who played the most matches preformed worse than those who played less due to injury suggesting proactive interference as those with most matches stored performed worse recall

Question 45

Who was Henry Molasion and what does his case study support?

Answer 45

Supports different types of long term memory as he could not remember petting a dog but he knew what a dog was

Question 46

Who was patient KF and what does he support?

Answer 46

Supports the working memory model as, when recalling digits, he could process the digits visually but not when they were read out to him (auditory) showing that different information is stored differently

Question 47

How did Valentine and Mesout use the London dungeon to show negative anxiety effect on recall?

Answer 47

PPs were split into a high and low anxiety group before going through the London dungeon. The high anxiety group had poorer recall of an actor in the dungeon than the low anxiety group