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Psychology > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the independent and dependant variable?

A

The independent variable is manipulated to see how it effects the dependant variable

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2
Q

What is an extraneous variable?

A

Something other than the independent variable that effects the dependant variable

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3
Q

What is a confounding variable?

A

unexpected events which adds a second unintended independent variable

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4
Q

What is meant by demand characteristics?

A

when participants try to guess the aims of the study and act in accordance to their assumption

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5
Q

What are investigator effects?

A

unwanted influences from the investigator on the participants

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6
Q

What is randomisation?

A

using chance methods to restrict researcher bias

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7
Q

What is standardisation?

A

all participants should experience the same level of control

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8
Q

What are the four research issues?

A

Extraneous variables
Confounding variables
Demand characteristics
Investigator effects

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9
Q

What are the three experimental designs?

A

independent groups
Repeated measures
Matched pairs

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10
Q

What are independent groups?

A

two separate groups experience two different conditions E.G. a control group and an experimental group

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11
Q

What are repeated measures?

A

all participants experience both conditions of the experiment

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12
Q

What are matched pairs?

A

participants are paired together based on variables relevant to the experiment

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13
Q

What are the four types of experiments?

A

Laboratory
Field
Natural
Quasi

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14
Q

What is a laboratory experiment?

A

highly controlled environments

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15
Q

What is a Field experiment?

A

IV is manipulated in a natural everyday setting

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16
Q

What is a natural experiment?

A

researcher has no control over the IV and can not change it

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17
Q

What is a Quasi experiment?

A

IV is based on existing differences between people

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18
Q

Outline a random sample

A

participants are chosen randomly

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19
Q

What is a stratified sample?

A

the participants reflect a target population

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20
Q

What is a systematic sample?

A

every nth number of the target population is elected

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21
Q

What is an opportunity sample?

A

anyone who is willing and available

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22
Q

What is a volunteer sample?

A

Participants select themselves to be a part of the study

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23
Q

What are the five sample types in choosing participants for a study?

A

Random
Systematic
Stratified
Opportunity
Volunteer

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24
Q

Name the four ethical considerations a researcher must consider

A

Informed consent
Freedom from harm
Privacy and Confidentiality
Deception

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25
Q

What is a pilot study?

A

Smaller version of an actual investigation

26
Q

What is the difference between a single-blind and a double-blind pilot study?

A

Single-blind = participants are unaware
Double-blind = researcher and participants are unaware

27
Q

What is a naturalistic and controlled observation?

A

Observations are done in the behaviours usual environment with the observer being concealed

28
Q

What is a Covert and overt observations?

A

Covert = Participants are unaware they are being observed
Overt = participants are aware they are being observed

29
Q

What are participant and non-participant observations?

A

participant observations = researcher is part of the study
non-participant = researcher is separate from the study

30
Q

What is meant by inter-observer reliability?

A

multiple researchers record data in order to increase reliability of the findings

31
Q

What is qualitative data?

A

Small amounts of data but in large detail

32
Q

What is quantative data?

A

Large amounts of data in small detail

33
Q

What is coding and quantitative data?

A

categorising the mass amount of data into meaningful units

34
Q

What is Thematic analysis and qualitative data?

A

Turning qualitative data into quantitative by finding recurring themes

35
Q

Define reliability

A

the consistency of results

36
Q

How can a test-retest improve reliability?

A

by checking for the same results on a different occasion

37
Q

What are the three types of validity?

A

Internal
External
Temporal

38
Q

What is internal validity?

A

when the observed effects are due to the IV

39
Q

What is a type of external validity?

A

Ecological validity- generalising findings from a study to other settings

40
Q

What is Temporal validity?

A

whether or not findings from a particular study hold true over time

41
Q

What is a paradigm?

A

a distinctive set of patterns

42
Q

What is a paradigm shift?

A

It occurs when too much contradictory evidence exists against something

43
Q

What is meant by falsifiability?

A

When findings are challenged and attempted to be proven false

44
Q

What is replicability?

A

findings from a study must be repeatable if they are to be trusted

45
Q

What are order effects?

A

the way in which questions are ordered can effect the answers

46
Q

What are the four ethical guidelines outlined by the BPS?

A

Respect
Integrity
Social responsibility
Maximise benefit and minimise harm

47
Q

What are the three types of external validity?

A

Ecological
Temporal
Population

48
Q

How do you asses external reliability?

A

test re-test

49
Q

What is a covert observation?

A

When participants are unaware they are being observed

50
Q

What is an overt observation?

A

The participants are aware that they are being observed

51
Q

What is concurrent validity?

A

The level of agreement between two separate results taken at the same time

52
Q

What is a longitudinal study?

A

Observing participants over a long period of time

53
Q

What is meant by standard deviation?

A

The general spread of data after a study has been conducted

54
Q

What is Empirical method?

A

Using scientific method which makes research more valid as it can be repeated

55
Q

What is Objectivity?

A

Opposite of subjective, personal preference/beliefs are discarded in order to not hinder research

56
Q

What is a null hypothesis?

A

when there is believed to be no difference between the experiments conditions

57
Q

What is the alternative hypothesis?

A

States that there will be a relationship between two variables

58
Q

What is a type 1 error?

A

When the null hypothesis is rejected and alternative accepted when it should have been the other way round.

59
Q

What is a type 2 error?

A

When the alternative hypothesis is rejected and null hypothesis is accepted when it should have been the other way around

60
Q

What is a one tailed test?

A

Used for when the hypothesis is directional

61
Q

What is a two tailed test?

A

Used when the hypothesis is non-directional

62
Q

What is an issue with primary data?

A

Could be expensive as well as needing time and effort

Psychology (11 decks)

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