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Psychopathology Flashcards

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1
Q

How can statistical infrequency define abnormalities?

A

By using statistical norms to see if a person is below or above average?

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2
Q

What is an example of statistical infrequency?

A

IQ as the average is 100 so anyone with an IQ significantly higher or lower than 100 is considered abnormal

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3
Q

What is meant by deviation of social norms?

A

When a person behaves in a way that is outside of usual expectation

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4
Q

What is an example of deviation from social norms?

A

Antisocial personality disorder classified by the DSM-5 as a person with irresponsible and aggressive characteristics

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5
Q

What is failure to function adequately?

A

Occurs when someone is unable to cope with the demands of everyday life

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6
Q

What is deviation from ideal mental health?

A

When a person is not meeting a criteria for good level of mental health

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7
Q

What is meant by behavioural?

A

a way in which someone acts

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8
Q

What is meant by Emotional?

A

a way in which a person feels

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9
Q

What is meant by cognitive?

A

the process of knowing such as thinking

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10
Q

What is a phobia?

A

an irrational fear of an object or situation

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11
Q

What are the behavioural characteristics of a phobia?

A

Panic
Avoidance
Endurance

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12
Q

What are the Emotional characteristics of a phobia?

A

Anxiety
Fear
Unreasonable emotional response

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13
Q

What are the cognitive characteristics of phobias?

A

Selective attention
Irrational beliefs
Cognitive distortions

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14
Q

What is depression?

A

Mental disorder surrounding low mood and low energy

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15
Q

What are the behavioural characteristics of depression?

A

Low activity levels
Disruption of sleep and eating
Aggression and self harm

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16
Q

What are the emotional charactarisitcs of depression?

A

Lowered mood
Anger
Lowered self-esteem

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17
Q

What are the cognitive characteristics depression?

A

poor concentration
dwelling on negativity
absolutist thinking

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18
Q

What is obsessive-compulsive disorder?

A

the display of obsessive and compulsive behaviour

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19
Q

What is the difference between obsessions and compulsions?

A

obsessions are cognitive
compulsions are behavioural

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20
Q

What are the behavioural characteristics of OCD?

A

repetitive compulsions
compulsions reduce anxiety
avoidance

21
Q

What are the emotional characteristics of OCD?

A

Anxiety and distress
Accompanying depression
Guilt and disgust

22
Q

What are the cognitive characteristics of OCD?

A

Obsessive thoughts
Cognitive coping strategies
excessive anxiety

23
Q

What is the behaviourist approach?

A

emphasis on the role of learning on behaviour

24
Q

What is the two-process model and how can it explain phobias?

A

Combines classical and operant conditioning as we learn phobias through classical and the behaviour is reinforced through operant

25
Q

Outline the Little Albert study

A

Little Albert was conditioned into having a phobia of rats by associating a loud noise with the presence of a rat. This caused Albert to develop a fear of rats and similar objects

26
Q

What are the two behavioural approaches to treating phobias?

A

Systematic desensitisation
Flooding

27
Q

What is systematic desensitisation?

A

uses a hierarchy of anxiety-provoking situations and gradually confronts them

28
Q

What is flooding?

A

full exposure to a phobia inducing experience

29
Q

What are the two cognitive approaches in explaining depression?

A

Becks Negative triad
Ellis’s ABC model

30
Q

What is Beck’s negative triad?

A

Negative view of world
Negative view of future
Negative view of oneself

31
Q

What is Ellis’s ABC model?

A

Activation event
Belief
Consequences

32
Q

What is the cognitive method of treating depression?

A

Cognitive behavioural therapy in which irrational beliefs are challenged

33
Q

What are the biological factors of OCD?

A

Genes and serotonin

34
Q

What were Lewis’s findings into OCD?

A

Of all his OCD patients 37% had parents with the condition and 21% had sibling showing the role of genes in OCD

35
Q

How can serotonin explain OCD?

A

Low levels of serotonin leads to reduction in neural regulation

36
Q

What are the biological ways of treating OCD?

A

Drug therapy

37
Q

What drugs are used to treat OCD?

A

SSRIs which increase serotonin reducing compulsive behaviour

38
Q

What diagnosis can deviation from social norms lead to?

A

Schizotypal personality disorder in which the term “strange” is used to characterise the thinking of certain people

39
Q

What did Lewis identify in OCD patients?

A

37% had a parent with OCD and 21% had a sibling with OCD

40
Q

Give an example of how deviation from social norms is flawed

A

young boys from The “Zambia” Tribe in Papua New Guinea wear gloves with stinging giant ants to prove they are men. This is not abnormal for them but it is for many other cultures

41
Q

Name two side effects of SSRIs

A

Blurred vision
Loss of sex drive

42
Q

How do SSRIs help OCD?

A

Increasing serotonin by blocking the reuptake of the neurotransmitter

43
Q

How does exposure therapy strengthen the two process model?

A

By exposing patients to phobic stimulus the reinforcement gained by avoidance ceases to exist

44
Q

What did Gilroy do that shows real life application for systematic desensitisation?

A

Followed up 42 arachnophobia patients who had SD and found them to be more collected when exposed to a phobic stimulus in comparison to a control group

45
Q

Why is CBT limited in regards to serious cases of depression?

A

People with severe depression can not find the motivation to seek therapy/attend sessions

46
Q

What did Ahmari find in mice that supports candidate genes for OCD?

A

A gene that produces repeating behavioural patterns

47
Q

What is the hierarchy feature of CBT?

A

Patients rank phobic stimulus in order of most phobic to least phobic

48
Q

What is the relaxation feature of CBT?

A

Patients try to relax themselves when confronted with phobic stimulus such as breathing techniques or muscle relaxation

49
Q

What did Marie Jahoda propose that helps the diagnosis of deviation from ideal mental health?

A

She proposed a criteria of ideal mental health which has self actualisation at the top

Psychology (11 decks)

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