Psychopathology

Question 1

How can statistical infrequency define abnormalities?

Answer 1

By using statistical norms to see if a person is below or above average?

Question 2

What is an example of statistical infrequency?

Answer 2

IQ as the average is 100 so anyone with an IQ significantly higher or lower than 100 is considered abnormal

Question 3

What is meant by deviation of social norms?

Answer 3

When a person behaves in a way that is outside of usual expectation

Question 4

What is an example of deviation from social norms?

Answer 4

Antisocial personality disorder classified by the DSM-5 as a person with irresponsible and aggressive characteristics

Question 5

What is failure to function adequately?

Answer 5

Occurs when someone is unable to cope with the demands of everyday life

Question 6

What is deviation from ideal mental health?

Answer 6

When a person is not meeting a criteria for good level of mental health

Question 7

What is meant by behavioural?

Answer 7

a way in which someone acts

Question 8

What is meant by Emotional?

Answer 8

a way in which a person feels

Question 9

What is meant by cognitive?

Answer 9

the process of knowing such as thinking

Question 10

What is a phobia?

Answer 10

an irrational fear of an object or situation

Question 11

What are the behavioural characteristics of a phobia?

Answer 11

Panic
Avoidance
Endurance

Question 12

What are the Emotional characteristics of a phobia?

Answer 12

Anxiety
Fear
Unreasonable emotional response

Question 13

What are the cognitive characteristics of phobias?

Answer 13

Selective attention
Irrational beliefs
Cognitive distortions

Question 14

What is depression?

Answer 14

Mental disorder surrounding low mood and low energy

Question 15

What are the behavioural characteristics of depression?

Answer 15

Low activity levels
Disruption of sleep and eating
Aggression and self harm

Question 16

What are the emotional charactarisitcs of depression?

Answer 16

Lowered mood
Anger
Lowered self-esteem

Question 17

What are the cognitive characteristics depression?

Answer 17

poor concentration
dwelling on negativity
absolutist thinking

Question 18

What is obsessive-compulsive disorder?

Answer 18

the display of obsessive and compulsive behaviour

Question 19

What is the difference between obsessions and compulsions?

Answer 19

obsessions are cognitive
compulsions are behavioural

Question 20

What are the behavioural characteristics of OCD?

Answer 20

repetitive compulsions
compulsions reduce anxiety
avoidance

Question 21

What are the emotional characteristics of OCD?

Answer 21

Anxiety and distress
Accompanying depression
Guilt and disgust

Question 22

What are the cognitive characteristics of OCD?

Answer 22

Obsessive thoughts
Cognitive coping strategies
excessive anxiety

Question 23

What is the behaviourist approach?

Answer 23

emphasis on the role of learning on behaviour

Question 24

What is the two-process model and how can it explain phobias?

Answer 24

Combines classical and operant conditioning as we learn phobias through classical and the behaviour is reinforced through operant

Question 25

Outline the Little Albert study

Answer 25

Little Albert was conditioned into having a phobia of rats by associating a loud noise with the presence of a rat. This caused Albert to develop a fear of rats and similar objects

Question 26

What are the two behavioural approaches to treating phobias?

Answer 26

Systematic desensitisation Flooding

Question 27

What is systematic desensitisation?

Answer 27

uses a hierarchy of anxiety-provoking situations and gradually confronts them

Question 28

What is flooding?

Answer 28

full exposure to a phobia inducing experience

Question 29

What are the two cognitive approaches in explaining depression?

Answer 29

Becks Negative triad Ellis's ABC model

Question 30

What is Beck's negative triad?

Answer 30

Negative view of world Negative view of future Negative view of oneself

Question 31

What is Ellis's ABC model?

Answer 31

Activation event Belief Consequences

Question 32

What is the cognitive method of treating depression?

Answer 32

Cognitive behavioural therapy in which irrational beliefs are challenged

Question 33

What are the biological factors of OCD?

Answer 33

Genes and serotonin

Question 34

What were Lewis's findings into OCD?

Answer 34

Of all his OCD patients 37% had parents with the condition and 21% had sibling showing the role of genes in OCD

Question 35

How can serotonin explain OCD?

Answer 35

Low levels of serotonin leads to reduction in neural regulation

Question 36

What are the biological ways of treating OCD?

Answer 36

Drug therapy

Question 37

What drugs are used to treat OCD?

Answer 37

SSRIs which increase serotonin reducing compulsive behaviour

Question 38

What diagnosis can deviation from social norms lead to?

Answer 38

Schizotypal personality disorder in which the term "strange" is used to characterise the thinking of certain people

Question 39

What did Lewis identify in OCD patients?

Answer 39

37% had a parent with OCD and 21% had a sibling with OCD

Question 40

Give an example of how deviation from social norms is flawed

Answer 40

young boys from The "Zambia" Tribe in Papua New Guinea wear gloves with stinging giant ants to prove they are men. This is not abnormal for them but it is for many other cultures

Question 41

Name two side effects of SSRIs

Answer 41

Blurred vision Loss of sex drive

Question 42

How do SSRIs help OCD?

Answer 42

Increasing serotonin by blocking the reuptake of the neurotransmitter

Question 43

How does exposure therapy strengthen the two process model?

Answer 43

By exposing patients to phobic stimulus the reinforcement gained by avoidance ceases to exist

Question 44

What did Gilroy do that shows real life application for systematic desensitisation?

Answer 44

Followed up 42 arachnophobia patients who had SD and found them to be more collected when exposed to a phobic stimulus in comparison to a control group

Question 45

Why is CBT limited in regards to serious cases of depression?

Answer 45

People with severe depression can not find the motivation to seek therapy/attend sessions

Question 46

What did Ahmari find in mice that supports candidate genes for OCD?

Answer 46

A gene that produces repeating behavioural patterns

Question 47

What is the hierarchy feature of CBT?

Answer 47

Patients rank phobic stimulus in order of most phobic to least phobic

Question 48

What is the relaxation feature of CBT?

Answer 48

Patients try to relax themselves when confronted with phobic stimulus such as breathing techniques or muscle relaxation

Question 49

What did Marie Jahoda propose that helps the diagnosis of deviation from ideal mental health?

Answer 49

She proposed a criteria of ideal mental health which has self actualisation at the top