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Psychology > Approaches > Flashcards

Approaches Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the two features of the behaviourist approach?

A

Classical and Operant conditioning

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2
Q

Outline Classical conditioning

A

Behaviour is learnt through association first shown by Pavlov’s dogs

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3
Q

Outline Operant conditioning

A

Behaviour is shaped by consequences through; positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement and punishment first shown by Skinner’s rats

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4
Q

what are the features of the Social Learning Theory?

A

added to the behaviourist approach claiming people learn through imitation and observation

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5
Q

What type of reinforcement did the SLT propose as an addition to the behavioural approach?

A

Vicarious reinforcement

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6
Q

What are the four mediational processes as suggested by the SLT?

A

attention
retention
motor reproduction (physical ability)
motivation

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7
Q

What is the key study for the SLT?

A

Bandura’s bobo doll study

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8
Q

what is the cognitive approach?

A

argues against the behaviourist approach by emphasising internal processes as the drive for behaviour

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9
Q

what is a schema (part of the cognitive approach)?

A

expectation of information developed through experience

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10
Q

what is a “model” used by the cognitive approach?

A

the information processing model

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11
Q

what does the information processing model suggest?

A

information flows though the cognitive system in a sequence of stages. these consist of input, storage and retrieval

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12
Q

What are the main features of the biological approach?

A

everything psychological is first biological

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13
Q

what is the neurochemical basis of behaviour?

A

how neurones drive behaviour such as overproduction of dopamine can cause schizophrenia

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14
Q

what is the genetic basis of behaviour?

A

this suggests that psychological behaviours are inheritable like eye colour. Twin studies are used to measure concordance rates to judge genetic influences on behaviour

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15
Q

what’s the difference between genotype and phenotype?

A

genotype is a persons genetic makeup
phenotype is the way genes are expressed physically

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16
Q

what is the main assumption of the psychodynamic approach?

A

unconscious desires are balanced out by our own reasoning

17
Q

what is the psychodynamic structure of personality?

A

id- mass of unconscious drives and desires
Ego- works with reality and balances out the id and the superego
Superego- our sense of right and wrong

18
Q

what is the psychosexual stages of development?

A

conflicts within children that must be resolved in order to progress. If a child gets stuck at a certain stage they become fixated leading to issues in adult life

19
Q

name the psychosexual stages

A

oral- pleasure in mouth
anal- pleasure in the anus
phallic- pleasure in the genital area
latency- earlier conflicts are repressed
genital- sexual desires become conscious

20
Q

what are the main assumptions of the humanistic approach?

A

human beings are self determining and have free will. we act in accordance to experience instead of general laws.

21
Q

what is meant by self-actualisation?

A

people’s desire to achieve their full potential and is achieved through the hierarchy of needs

22
Q

what is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

needs that motivate our behaviour in order to achieve self actualisation

23
Q

what are the 5 features of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?

A

Physiological, safety and security, love and belongingness, self-esteem and self-actualisation

24
Q

What is a real world application of the Behaviourist approach?

A

Token economies in institutions by rewarding good behaviour

25
Q

Why is the Social Learning Theory being based on a lab study a limitation?

A

Lab studies can have demand characteristics making the entire theory flawed

26
Q

What is a key criticism of the cognitive approaches use of the computer processing model?

A

Generalises humans to machines which ignored human complexity

27
Q

Why can’t the psychodynamic approach be falsified?

A

It is heavily influenced by the unconscious

28
Q

How may the Humanistic approach be culturally biased?

A

The need for self-actualisation is only desirable in individual cultures

Psychology (11 decks)

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