Approaches Flashcards
what are the two features of the behaviourist approach?
Classical and Operant conditioning
Outline Classical conditioning
Behaviour is learnt through association first shown by Pavlov’s dogs
Outline Operant conditioning
Behaviour is shaped by consequences through; positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement and punishment first shown by Skinner’s rats
what are the features of the Social Learning Theory?
added to the behaviourist approach claiming people learn through imitation and observation
What type of reinforcement did the SLT propose as an addition to the behavioural approach?
Vicarious reinforcement
What are the four mediational processes as suggested by the SLT?
attention
retention
motor reproduction (physical ability)
motivation
What is the key study for the SLT?
Bandura’s bobo doll study
what is the cognitive approach?
argues against the behaviourist approach by emphasising internal processes as the drive for behaviour
what is a schema (part of the cognitive approach)?
expectation of information developed through experience
what is a “model” used by the cognitive approach?
the information processing model
what does the information processing model suggest?
information flows though the cognitive system in a sequence of stages. these consist of input, storage and retrieval
What are the main features of the biological approach?
everything psychological is first biological
what is the neurochemical basis of behaviour?
how neurones drive behaviour such as overproduction of dopamine can cause schizophrenia
what is the genetic basis of behaviour?
this suggests that psychological behaviours are inheritable like eye colour. Twin studies are used to measure concordance rates to judge genetic influences on behaviour
what’s the difference between genotype and phenotype?
genotype is a persons genetic makeup
phenotype is the way genes are expressed physically
what is the main assumption of the psychodynamic approach?
unconscious desires are balanced out by our own reasoning
what is the psychodynamic structure of personality?
id- mass of unconscious drives and desires
Ego- works with reality and balances out the id and the superego
Superego- our sense of right and wrong
what is the psychosexual stages of development?
conflicts within children that must be resolved in order to progress. If a child gets stuck at a certain stage they become fixated leading to issues in adult life
name the psychosexual stages
oral- pleasure in mouth
anal- pleasure in the anus
phallic- pleasure in the genital area
latency- earlier conflicts are repressed
genital- sexual desires become conscious
what are the main assumptions of the humanistic approach?
human beings are self determining and have free will. we act in accordance to experience instead of general laws.
what is meant by self-actualisation?
people’s desire to achieve their full potential and is achieved through the hierarchy of needs
what is Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
needs that motivate our behaviour in order to achieve self actualisation
what are the 5 features of Maslow’s hierarchy of needs?
Physiological, safety and security, love and belongingness, self-esteem and self-actualisation
What is a real world application of the Behaviourist approach?
Token economies in institutions by rewarding good behaviour
Why is the Social Learning Theory being based on a lab study a limitation?
Lab studies can have demand characteristics making the entire theory flawed
What is a key criticism of the cognitive approaches use of the computer processing model?
Generalises humans to machines which ignored human complexity
Why can’t the psychodynamic approach be falsified?
It is heavily influenced by the unconscious
How may the Humanistic approach be culturally biased?
The need for self-actualisation is only desirable in individual cultures
