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Year 3 > SBOM- Evidence Based Medicine > Flashcards

SBOM- Evidence Based Medicine Flashcards

1
Q

The study of “being”
(e.g. What is there? Is this an effective drug?)

A

Ontology

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2
Q

The study of knowledge
(e.g. How do we know? Can we prove it’s an effective drug?)

A

Epistemology

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3
Q

The study of value
(e.g. What is valuable? Is this drug valuable to patients?)

A

Axiology

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4
Q

Inductive and deductive are two types of _________________ research

A

Epistemological

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5
Q

Observation-driven research is also known as

A

Inductive research

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6
Q

Hypothesis-driven research is also known as

A

Deductive

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7
Q

Inductive research is __________ driven

A

Observation

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8
Q

Deductive research is ___________-driven

A

Hypothesis

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9
Q

What are the two major paradigms used in research?

A

Quantitative and qualitative

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10
Q

The general approach or paradigm

A

Methodology

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11
Q

The procedure applied/used to collect data

A

Methods

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12
Q
  1. Identify the problem
  2. Review the literature
  3. Set the research question and objectives
  4. Design the research/choose the methodology
  5. Specify the sample
  6. Collect data
  7. Analyse data
  8. Write the report
  9. Disseminate
A

The research process (steps taken when planning and conducting research)

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13
Q

A __________ is a subset of a population of interest

A

Sample

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14
Q

Studies aimed at determining the frequency (or level) of a particular attribute, such as a specific exposure, disease or any other health-related event, in a defined population at a particular point in time (e.g. A study to determine the prevalence of smoking in the young).

A

Cross-sectional study (a type of observational study)

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15
Q

The number of new cases within a certain period of time

A

Incidence

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16
Q

A type of longitudinal study that follows groups of people over a period of time (often many years)

A

Cohort study

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17
Q

A way to reason appropriately with uncertainty, where the uncertainty can be measured by probabilities

A

Bayesianism

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18
Q

This is a research approach that is used to generate an in-depth, multi-faceted understanding of a complex issue in its real-life context. It is an established research design that is used extensively in a wide variety of disciplines, particularly in the social sciences. This type of study can be defined in a variety of ways, the central tenet being the need to explore an event or phenomenon in depth and in its natural context.

A

A case study

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19
Q

This type of study have subjects with a disease or condition (X) or don’t (Y). Information is obtained about their previous exposure/non-exposure to the intervention or factor under study. Comparisons can then be made by the researchers.

A

Case-control studies

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20
Q

A detailed report of the symptoms, signs, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. They usually describe an unusual or novel occurrence.

A

Patient case report or case study

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21
Q

A report on a series of patients, or cases, who have an outcome of interest or may have received some intervention. OR a single group of people exposed to an intervention.

A

Case series

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22
Q

A descriptive study that depicts one or more circumstances of an event to explain the situation

A

Illustrative case study

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23
Q

A study that involves researching a specific topic to point where thorough, detailed, and complete understanding occurs

A

Exploratory case study

24
Q

A qualitative study in which the researcher collects data from an individuals or individuals about a specific life event or events that occurred in order to share and retell the story

A

Narrative case study

25
Q

The main purpose of an ___________ case study is to obtain preliminary data, evaluate the methods used and clarify resources (finances) required, which then leads to further research.

A

Exploratory

26
Q

The specific steps you will take to achieve your aim within a research project

A

The objectives

27
Q
  1. Systematic reviews and meta-analysis of RCT’s
  2. RCT’s
  3. Cohort studies
  4. Case-control studies
  5. Cross-sectional studies, surveys
  6. Case reports, case studies
  7. Mechanistic studies
  8. Editorials, expert opinion
A

Hierarchy of evidence (from highest to lowest quality of evidence)

28
Q

This methodology (general paradigm) utilities a variety of methods and approaches which aim to understand the social reality of individuals, groups, and cultures. It is concerned with the MEANING, not the frequency, of the phenomenon. It investigates people’s beliefs, deeply held values, their experiences of the social works and contextual circumstances: it can broadly be described as “interpretive”

A

Qualitative research methodology

29
Q

These research methods provide a different way of seeing a holistic and larger picture not only of a person, culture, or general group, but of patients. They allow for a larger base of understanding how different people understand the relationships between health and lifestyle. They are flexible, and can be tailored to the specific needs and rules of different people and places.

A

Qualitative research methods

30
Q

Action research refers to the cyclical process of what type of research methodology?

A

Qualitative methodologies

31
Q

Qualitative research aims to understand the meanings people have constructed about their world and their experiences- how do people make sense of their experiences

A

The emic perspective

32
Q

Visual methods, ethnography, observation, focus groups, interviews and document discourse analysis are data collection methods in qualitative research. However, the primary instrument for data collection and analysis is

A

The researcher

33
Q

This type of study is characterised by long-term participant-observation and other qualitative, and sometimes quantitative, data collection methods. Data collection in the ‘natural setting’ of the respondents/participants. Fieldwork is led by serendipity.

A

Ethnographic study

34
Q

A form of in-depth interviewing with an aim to generate a wide range of opinions and insights that are informed by the interaction of the people

A

Focus groups

35
Q

An expert makes a recommendation on the bases of their summary of the evidence

A

Narrative review

36
Q

Define a specific question
Search for all relevant studies
Refine the results of this search
Extract data
Summarise and analyse the extracted data

A

Important stages of a systematic review

37
Q

A visual representation of the results of meta-analysis may be summarised by way of a

A

Forest plot

38
Q

The practice of combining “pooling” the results of individual studies, if they are similar enough to justify a quantitative summary effect size. When appropriate, ______ __________ provide more precise estimates of effect sizes than are available in any of the individual studies.

A

Meta-analysis

39
Q

In a RCT, looking at “Intervention A’s” effect on reducing stroke- the ___________ _________ is the number of patients who expereince the event in the control group (CER) AND the number of patients who experience the event in the intervention/experimental group (EER)

A

Event rate

40
Q

What is the difference between methodology and methods?

A

Methodology: General approach/paradigm ( e.g. qualitative vs quantitative, etc)

Methods: The procedure applied/used to collect data (e.g RCT, etc)

41
Q

Which of the following 5 options are METHODS?

a. Survey
b. Ethnography
c. Meta-analysis
d. Interview
e. Cohort study

A

a. Survey
c. Meta-analysis
d. Interview

42
Q

Which of the following 5 options are METHODOLOGIES?

a. Focus group
b. Phenomenology
c. Lab experiment
d. Case study
e. Historical review
f. Questionairre

A

b. Phenonmenology
d. Case study
e. Historical review

43
Q

Beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy/consent/participant choice, justice and integrity, equipoise, are the basic premise of __________________ ?
(The philisophical underpinning of the principles of ethics)

A

Axiology

ETHICAL UNDERPINNINGS = AXIOLOGY

44
Q

Quality improvement and audit is cyclical- which is a KEY FEATURE of audit?

a. Comparing practice to existing standards
b. Achieving quality improvements
c. Implementing cycles of change
d. All of these

A

d. All of these

45
Q

Highest level of data

A

continuous or ratio

46
Q

List some examples of basic categories of data classifications

A
  1. Categorical- data is classified into a “category” (eg blood groups)
  2. BINARY- only two possible categories (known as DICHOTOMOUS) (eg Yes/No)
  3. Ordinal- two or more categories that have ‘order’ (eg pain scale 0-10)
  4. Nominal - data which is neither binary nor ordinal (eg Ethnicity, marital status)
  5. Numerical- describes a value (eg Hb level, temperature)
  6. Discrete- Distinct value/ a complete integer (0,1,2,3) (eg number of GP visits, number of pregnancies)
  7. Continuous- data that can be divided into finer levels/scales (eg height, speed)
47
Q

How do you ensure the integrity of research data?

A

Data cleaning

48
Q

Describe some key features of systematic reviews

A

Peer reviewed
Meta-analysis (is the method undertaken)

49
Q

In a Med-Ed study looking at the effect of teaching via dissection on anatomy knowledge, which is the independent variable?
- Teaching dissection (intervention)
- Antatomy knowledge (outcomes)?

A

The independent variable is the one you have introduced- the intervention, which is the teaching dissection

50
Q

The outcome (variable) you are trying to maniplulate

A

The dependent variable

51
Q

Factors such as revision, online apps, peer asisted learning, etc that can influence outcome/knowlege

A

Confounding variables

52
Q

Gaining a deep insight into someone’s views or perceptions is best achieved by what METHOD?

A

Interview

(Remember to read the question carefully!)

53
Q

What types of case studies are there?

A

Case control
Case series
Case report

54
Q

What is the correct term (expressed numerically) given to a diagnostic test which correctly identifies the presence of disease?

A

Sensitivity

55
Q

Can observational studies determine causation?

A

No

Year 3 (23 decks)

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