SBOM- Evidence Based Medicine

Question 1

The study of “being”
(e.g. What is there? Is this an effective drug?)

Answer 1

Ontology

Question 2

The study of knowledge
(e.g. How do we know? Can we prove it’s an effective drug?)

Answer 2

Epistemology

Question 3

The study of value
(e.g. What is valuable? Is this drug valuable to patients?)

Answer 3

Axiology

Question 4

Inductive and deductive are two types of _________________ research

Answer 4

Epistemological

Question 5

Observation-driven research is also known as

Answer 5

Inductive research

Question 6

Hypothesis-driven research is also known as

Answer 6

Deductive

Question 7

Inductive research is __________ driven

Answer 7

Observation

Question 8

Deductive research is ___________-driven

Answer 8

Hypothesis

Question 9

What are the two major paradigms used in research?

Answer 9

Quantitative and qualitative

Question 10

The general approach or paradigm

Answer 10

Methodology

Question 11

The procedure applied/used to collect data

Answer 11

Methods

Question 12

1. Identify the problem
2. Review the literature
3. Set the research question and objectives
4. Design the research/choose the methodology
5. Specify the sample
6. Collect data
7. Analyse data
8. Write the report
9. Disseminate

Answer 12

The research process (steps taken when planning and conducting research)

Question 13

A __________ is a subset of a population of interest

Answer 13

Sample

Question 14

Studies aimed at determining the frequency (or level) of a particular attribute, such as a specific exposure, disease or any other health-related event, in a defined population at a particular point in time (e.g. A study to determine the prevalence of smoking in the young).

Answer 14

Cross-sectional study (a type of observational study)

Question 15

The number of new cases within a certain period of time

Answer 15

Incidence

Question 16

A type of longitudinal study that follows groups of people over a period of time (often many years)

Answer 16

Cohort study

Question 17

A way to reason appropriately with uncertainty, where the uncertainty can be measured by probabilities

Answer 17

Bayesianism

Question 18

This is a research approach that is used to generate an in-depth, multi-faceted understanding of a complex issue in its real-life context. It is an established research design that is used extensively in a wide variety of disciplines, particularly in the social sciences. This type of study can be defined in a variety of ways, the central tenet being the need to explore an event or phenomenon in depth and in its natural context.

Answer 18

A case study

Question 19

This type of study have subjects with a disease or condition (X) or don’t (Y). Information is obtained about their previous exposure/non-exposure to the intervention or factor under study. Comparisons can then be made by the researchers.

Answer 19

Case-control studies

Question 20

A detailed report of the symptoms, signs, diagnosis, treatment, and follow-up of an individual patient. They usually describe an unusual or novel occurrence.

Answer 20

Patient case report or case study

Question 21

A report on a series of patients, or cases, who have an outcome of interest or may have received some intervention. OR a single group of people exposed to an intervention.

Answer 21

Case series

Question 22

A descriptive study that depicts one or more circumstances of an event to explain the situation

Answer 22

Illustrative case study

Question 23

A study that involves researching a specific topic to point where thorough, detailed, and complete understanding occurs

Answer 23

Exploratory case study

Question 24

A qualitative study in which the researcher collects data from an individuals or individuals about a specific life event or events that occurred in order to share and retell the story

Answer 24

Narrative case study

Question 25

The main purpose of an ___________ case study is to obtain preliminary data, evaluate the methods used and clarify resources (finances) required, which then leads to further research.

Answer 25

Exploratory

Question 26

The specific steps you will take to achieve your aim within a research project

Answer 26

The objectives

Question 27

1. Systematic reviews and meta-analysis of RCT’s 2. RCT’s 3. Cohort studies 4. Case-control studies 5. Cross-sectional studies, surveys 6. Case reports, case studies 7. Mechanistic studies 8. Editorials, expert opinion

Answer 27

Hierarchy of evidence (from highest to lowest quality of evidence)

Question 28

This methodology (general paradigm) utilities a variety of methods and approaches which aim to understand the social reality of individuals, groups, and cultures. It is concerned with the MEANING, not the frequency, of the phenomenon. It investigates people’s beliefs, deeply held values, their experiences of the social works and contextual circumstances: it can broadly be described as “interpretive”

Answer 28

Qualitative research methodology

Question 29

These research methods provide a different way of seeing a holistic and larger picture not only of a person, culture, or general group, but of patients. They allow for a larger base of understanding how different people understand the relationships between health and lifestyle. They are flexible, and can be tailored to the specific needs and rules of different people and places.

Answer 29

Qualitative research methods

Question 30

Action research refers to the cyclical process of what type of research methodology?

Answer 30

Qualitative methodologies

Question 31

Qualitative research aims to understand the meanings people have constructed about their world and their experiences- how do people make sense of their experiences

Answer 31

The emic perspective

Question 32

Visual methods, ethnography, observation, focus groups, interviews and document discourse analysis are data collection methods in qualitative research. However, the primary instrument for data collection and analysis is

Answer 32

The researcher

Question 33

This type of study is characterised by long-term participant-observation and other qualitative, and sometimes quantitative, data collection methods. Data collection in the ‘natural setting’ of the respondents/participants. Fieldwork is led by serendipity.

Answer 33

Ethnographic study

Question 34

A form of in-depth interviewing with an aim to generate a wide range of opinions and insights that are informed by the interaction of the people

Answer 34

Focus groups

Question 35

An expert makes a recommendation on the bases of their summary of the evidence

Answer 35

Narrative review

Question 36

Define a specific question Search for all relevant studies Refine the results of this search Extract data Summarise and analyse the extracted data

Answer 36

Important stages of a systematic review

Question 37

A visual representation of the results of meta-analysis may be summarised by way of a

Answer 37

Forest plot

Question 38

The practice of combining “pooling” the results of individual studies, if they are similar enough to justify a quantitative summary effect size. When appropriate, ______ __________ provide more precise estimates of effect sizes than are available in any of the individual studies.

Answer 38

Meta-analysis

Question 39

In a RCT, looking at "Intervention A's" effect on reducing stroke- the ___________ _________ is the number of patients who expereince the event in the control group (CER) AND the number of patients who experience the event in the intervention/experimental group (EER)

Answer 39

Event rate

Question 40

What is the difference between methodology and methods?

Answer 40

Methodology: General approach/paradigm ( e.g. qualitative vs quantitative, etc) Methods: The procedure applied/used to collect data (e.g RCT, etc)

Question 41

Which of the following 5 options are METHODS? a. Survey b. Ethnography c. Meta-analysis d. Interview e. Cohort study

Answer 41

a. Survey c. Meta-analysis d. Interview

Question 42

Which of the following 5 options are METHODOLOGIES? a. Focus group b. Phenomenology c. Lab experiment d. Case study e. Historical review f. Questionairre

Answer 42

b. Phenonmenology d. Case study e. Historical review

Question 43

Beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy/consent/participant choice, justice and integrity, equipoise, are the basic premise of __________________ ? (The philisophical underpinning of the principles of ethics)

Answer 43

Axiology ETHICAL UNDERPINNINGS = AXIOLOGY

Question 44

Quality improvement and audit is cyclical- which is a KEY FEATURE of audit? a. Comparing practice to existing standards b. Achieving quality improvements c. Implementing cycles of change d. All of these

Answer 44

d. All of these

Question 45

Highest level of data

Answer 45

continuous or ratio

Question 46

List some examples of basic categories of data classifications

Answer 46

1. Categorical- data is classified into a "category" (eg blood groups) 2. BINARY- only two possible categories (known as DICHOTOMOUS) (eg Yes/No) 3. Ordinal- two or more categories that have 'order' (eg pain scale 0-10) 4. Nominal - data which is neither binary nor ordinal (eg Ethnicity, marital status) 5. Numerical- describes a value (eg Hb level, temperature) 6. Discrete- Distinct value/ a complete integer (0,1,2,3) (eg number of GP visits, number of pregnancies) 7. Continuous- data that can be divided into finer levels/scales (eg height, speed)

Question 47

How do you ensure the integrity of research data?

Answer 47

Data cleaning

Question 48

Describe some key features of systematic reviews

Answer 48

Peer reviewed Meta-analysis (is the method undertaken)

Question 49

In a Med-Ed study looking at the effect of teaching via dissection on anatomy knowledge, which is the independent variable? - Teaching dissection (intervention) - Antatomy knowledge (outcomes)?

Answer 49

The independent variable is the one you have introduced- the intervention, which is the teaching dissection

Question 50

The outcome (variable) you are trying to maniplulate

Answer 50

The dependent variable

Question 51

Factors such as revision, online apps, peer asisted learning, etc that can influence outcome/knowlege

Answer 51

Confounding variables

Question 52

Gaining a deep insight into someone's views or perceptions is best achieved by what METHOD?

Answer 52

Interview (Remember to read the question carefully!)

Question 53

What types of case studies are there?

Answer 53

Case control Case series Case report

Question 54

What is the correct term (expressed numerically) given to a diagnostic test which correctly identifies the presence of disease?

Answer 54

Sensitivity

Question 55

Can observational studies determine causation?

Answer 55

No