SB9 - Ecosystems and Material cycles Flashcards

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1
Q

What do organisms need to stay alive?

A

Resources

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2
Q

What is an ecosystem?

A

An area in which all the living organisms and all the non-living physical factors form a stable relationship
–> Needs NO input in order to remain stable

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3
Q

Give an example of a large ecosystem:

A

Rainforest

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4
Q

Give an example of a small ecosystem:

A

Pond

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5
Q

What does interdependent mean?

A

When organisms in an area need each other for resources

E.g. Food & Shelter

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6
Q

What is Abiotic factors?

A

The non-living aspects of an ecosystem

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7
Q

Give some examples of Abiotic factors:

A
  • Temperature
  • Light intensity
  • Moisture
  • Pollutants
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8
Q

Explain how light intensity affects a community as an abiotic factor

A
  • Light is required for photosynthesis
  • Rate of photosynthesis affects the rate at which a plant grows
  • Plants can be food sources or shelter for many organisms
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9
Q

Explain how Temperature affects a community as an abiotic factor

A
  • Temperature affects the rate of photosynthesis
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10
Q

Explain how Moisture levels affects a community as an abiotic factor

A
  • Both plants and animals need water to survive
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11
Q

Explain how Soil pH and mineral content affects a community as an abiotic factor

A
  • Soil pH affects the rate of decay
    —> Therefore how fast mineral ions return to soil
    —> Then taken up by other plants
  • Different species of plants thrive in different nutrient concentration levels
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12
Q

Explain how Wind intensity & direction affects a community as an abiotic factor

A
  • Wind affects the rate of transpiration in plants
  • Transpiration affects the temperature of the plant + rate of
    photosynthesis
    —> As it transports water and mineral ions to the leaves
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13
Q

Explain how Carbon dioxide levels affects a community as an abiotic factor

A
  • CO2 affects the rate of photosynthesis in plants
  • It also affects the distribution of organisms as some thrive in high CO2 environments
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14
Q

Explain how Oxygen levels for aquatic animals affects a community as an abiotic factor

A
  • Levels in water vary greatly, unlike oxygen levels in air
  • Most fish need a high concentration of oxygen to survive
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15
Q

What is Biotic factors?

A

The living components of an ecosystem

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16
Q

Give some examples of Biotic factors:

A
  • Food availability
  • Competition
  • New pathogens
  • New predators and other species
17
Q

Explain how Food availabilitycan affect a community as a biotic factor

A

More food = organisms can breed more successfully
—> Therefore the population can increase in numbers

18
Q

Explain how New pathogenscan affect a community as a biotic factor

A

When a new pathogen arises the population has no resistance to it
so they can be wiped out quickly

19
Q

Explain how Compeitioncan affect a community as a biotic factor

A

If one species is better adapted to the environment than another then it will outcompete it until the numbers of the lesser adapted species are insufficient to breed

20
Q

What is a Community?

A

All of the populations of different species living together in a habitat

21
Q

Describe the importance of interdependence within a community

A

Removal or addition of a species to the community can affect the populations of others greatly
–> Changes prey or predator numbers

22
Q

Give some examples on how organisms can be interdependent with each other

A
  • Food
  • Shelter
  • Reproduction (pollination, seed dispersal)
23
Q

Describe the relationship of biotic and abiotic factors in a stable community

A

Biotic & Abiotic factors is balanced

24
Q

Describe what the happens in result of a stable community

A
  • The population sizes remain roughly constant
  • When they are lost it is very difficult to replace them
25
Q

Give some examples of a stable community

A
  • Tropical rainforests
  • Oak woodlands
  • Coral reefs
26
Q

What are the two types of symbiotic relationships?

A
  • Parasitism
  • Mutualistic relationships
27
Q

What is a parasite?

A

An organism that lives on (or in a) host organism and takes food from it while it’s alive

28
Q

What is parasitism?

A

The interaction between two organisms where only one organism, the parasite, benefits whilst the host does not

29
Q

What is Mutualism?

A

The interaction between two organisms where both benefit as a result of their relationship

30
Q

What can we use to assess pollution levels?

A

Indicator species

31
Q

What is polluted water often identified by?

A

The presence of bloodworms or sludgeworms

32
Q

What are sludgeworms also known as?

A

Sewage worms

33
Q

What is clean water often identified by?

A

The presence of freshwater shrimps and stonefly

34
Q

What is good air quality often identified by?

A

The presence of lichens or blackspot fungus

35
Q

What is bad air quality often identified by?

A

The absence (or little presence) of lichens or blackspot fungus

36
Q

What pollutant is present when there is an absence ( or little presence) of lichens or blackspot fungus

A

Sulphur dioxide

37
Q

Why is the rose blackspot fungus more likely to be found in less polluted areas?

A

As sulphur dioxide protects plants from certain fungi