SB5 - Health, disease and the development of Medicines Flashcards
What is the definition of Health?
A state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity
As defined by WHO
What are the 3 sub categories of Well-being?
- Physical
- Social
- Mental
What does having a good Physical wellbeing include?
- Being free from disease
- Eating & sleeping well
- Limiting the intake of harmful substances (e.g. alcohol & drugs)
- Getting regular activity
What does having a good Social wellbeing include?
- How well you get on with other people
- How your surroundings affect you
What does having a good mental wellbeing include?
How you feel about yourself
What is a disease?
A disorder of the body or mind that negatively affects an individual’s health
What are the 2 categories of disease?
- Communicable
- Non communicable
What is a communicable disease?
A disease that is caused by a pathogen which can be spread
between individuals (either directly or indirectly)
Give some examples of communicable diseases
- Common cold
- Flu
- Parasitic infections
What is a non-communicable disease?
A disease that cannot be spread between individuals.
–> Caused by the interaction of a number of risk factors (also usually genetic)
Give some examples of Non communicable diseases
- Asthma
- Diabetes
- Cardiovascular disease
How does the presence of one disease lead to a higher susceptibility to other diseases?
- One disease damages the immune system
- Damages the body’s natural barriers & defences
- Stops an organ from working effectively
If a ‘disease damages the immune system’ how does it make a person more likely to have another disease?
Makes it easier for other pathogens to cause disease. Opportunistic viruses
—> Immune system protects the body from communicable diseases
If ‘diseases damages the body’s natural barriers & defences’ how does it make a person more likely to have another disease?
Allows pathogens to get inside the body more easily
If ‘diseases stops an organ from working effectively’ how does it make a person more likely to have another disease?
Makes more diseases likely to occur
What is a pathogen?
A disease-causing organism, including:
viruses, bacteria, fungi and protists
Describe the characteristics of Viruses?
● Very small
● Move into cells and makes many copies of itself
● Cell bursts and releases all of the copies into the bloodstream
● The damage and the destruction of the cells makes the individual feel ill
Describe the characteristics of Bacteria?
● Small
● They multiply very quickly through dividing by a process called binary fission
● They produce toxins that can damage cells
Describe the characteristics of Fungi?
● They can either be single celled or have a body made of hyphae
● They can produce spores which can be spread to other organisms
Describe the characteristics of Protists?
Some are parasitic
What does parasitic mean?
They use humans and animals as their hosts (live on and inside, causing damage)
What is Hyphae?
Thread-like structures
What is malnutrition?
A condition resulting from a diet lacking in, or too rich in nutrients.
What category of pathogen is Cholera?
Bacteria
What are the symptoms of Cholera?
- Diarrhoea
- Stomach cramps
- Vomiting
How is Cholera spread?
Water
What category of pathogen is Tuberculosis?
Bacteria
What are the symptoms of Tuberculosis?
- Lung damage
- Coughing
- Tiredness
How is Tuberculosis spread?
Airborne
What category of pathogen is Chalara ash dieback?
Fungi
What are the symptoms of Chalara ash dieback?
- Leaf loss
- Bark lesions
How is Chalara ash dieback spread?
Airborne
What category of pathogen is Malaria?
Protist
What are the symptoms of Malaria?
Damage to blood & liver
How is Malaria spread?
Animal vectors
What category of pathogen is HIV?
Virus
What are the symptoms of HIV?
- Destroys white blood cells
- Leads to onset of AIDS
How is HIV spread?
Body fluids
What category of pathogen is Helicobacter?
Bacteria
What are the symptoms of Helicobacter?
Can lead to stomach ulcers
How is Helicobacter spread?
Oral transmission
What category of pathogen is Ebola?
Virus
What are the symptoms of Ebola?
- Can haemorrhagic fever
- Muscle weakness
- Muscle pain
How is Ebola spread?
Body fluids
What is haemorrhagic fever?
Fever accompanied with severe bleeding
What are the ways pathogens can spread?
- Direct contact
- Water
- Air
How can the damage that disease causes to populations be reduced?
By limiting the spread of the pathogens
What are some ways to limit the spread of pathogens?
- Improving hygiene
- Reducing contact
- Removing vectors
- Vaccination
How does being vaccinated help to reduce the spread of pathogens?
By injecting a small amount of a harmless pathogen into an individuals body
—> They can become immune so it won’t affect them
—> Means they can’t pass it onto individuals
How can you remove vectors?
Using pesticides or insecticides and removing their habitat
Name some ways to improve hygiene
- Hand washing
- Disinfectants
- Isolating raw meat
What are the ways viruses can reproduce?
- Lytic
- Lysogenic
Describe the lytic pathway
- Using host cell machinery, the virus replicates its DNA.
- Next, these are assembled to form new virus particles.
- Once the host cell is full of virus particles, it bursts in a process called lysis
- The process is then repeated with nearby cells.
Describe the lysogenic pathway
- The virus uses restriction enzymes to insert its DNA into the host cell DNA - or it can insert plasmids into the host cell cytoplasm.
- The host cell replicates, and the viral DNA is also copied in this process
- The lytic cycle begins at this point, starting with the assembly of new viral particles
Give some example of some STIs
- Chlamydia
- HIV
What type of pathogen is Chlamydia?
Bacteria
What are the symptoms of Chlamydia?
- Often symptomless
- Painful urination
- Pelvic pain
- Can lead to infertility
How are STIs spread?
- Sexual contact
- Oral/ vaginal sex
How can the spread of STIs be reduced?
Give an example
- Barrier methods of contraception (e.g. condoms)
- Abstaining from sexual activity
What are the types of plant barriers?
- Physical
- Chemical