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Biology > SB7 - Animal Coordination, Control & Homeostasis > Flashcards

SB7 - Animal Coordination, Control & Homeostasis Flashcards

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1
Q

What’s the endocrine system?

A

A network of glands that produce and secrete hormones into the bloodstream

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2
Q

What is homeostasis?

A

The regulation of internal conditions inside cells or organisms, to create the optimum conditions for cell function

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3
Q

What is an endocrine gland?

A

Glands of the endocrine system that secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream

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4
Q

What glands are the endocrine system made up of?

A
  • Pituitary gland
  • Pancreas
  • Thyroid
  • Adrenal gland
  • Ovary
  • Testes
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5
Q

What is the Hypothalamus?

A

Part of the brain which controls water balance, temperature and secretion of hormones by the pituitary gland

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6
Q

What is the pituitary gland also known as?

A

The master gland

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7
Q

What is the purpose of the pituitary gland?

A
  • Secretes hormones into the blood to either have an effect on the body
  • Acts on other glands to stimulate them to produce different hormones
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8
Q

What is the purpose of the pancreas?

A
  • Secretes insulin
  • Controls blood glucose levels
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9
Q

What is the purpose of the Thyroid?

A
  • Secretes thyroxine
  • Controls metabolic rate, heart rate and temperature
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10
Q

What is the purpose of the Adrenal gland?

A
  • Secretes adrenaline
  • Involved in the ‘fight or flight’ response
    —> (Body’s response to stressful situations)
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11
Q

What is the purpose of the Ovary?

A
  • Secretes oestrogen
  • Is involved in the menstrual cycle and the development of female secondary sexual characteristics
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12
Q

What is the purpose of the Testes?

A
  • Secretes testosterone
  • Is involved in the production of sperm and the development of male secondary sexual characteristics
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13
Q

What substance in the body transports the hormone?

A

Blood

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14
Q

What is the difference between the hormonal system and the nervous system?

A
  • Nervous system is much faster
  • Hormonal system acts for longer
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15
Q

What is adrenaline?

A

A hormone that is produced by the adrenal glands to prepare the body for a flight or flight response

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16
Q

What is a flight or flight response?

A

The body’s response to a dangerous situation

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17
Q

What are some aspects of the flight or flight response?

A
  • Increased heart rate
  • Increased blood pressure
  • Increased blood flow to muscles
  • Increased blood sugar levels
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18
Q

How does increased heart rate & blood pressure aid the flight or flight response?

A

Allows oxygen to reach the muscles more quickly, so we can move out of the path of danger

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19
Q

How does increased blood flow to muscles aid the flight or flight response?

A

Blood vessels leading to other vessels dilate - allows more blood to reach them
—> Allows them to contract with greater strength, and more quickly

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20
Q

How does increased blood sugar levels aid the flight or flight response?

A

Liver is stimulated to break down glycogen into glucose, which muscles can use to contract

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21
Q

What is thyroxine?

A

A hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that controls metabolic rate, heart rate and temperature

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22
Q

What is TRH?

A
  • A hormone secreted by the hypothalamus when blood thyroxine levels are lower than normal
  • Stimulates pituitary gland to release TSH
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23
Q

What is TSH?

A

A hormone secreted by the pituitary gland that stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroxine.

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24
Q

What is negative feedback?

A

A corrective mechanism that allows only small shifts from a set point, reversing a change in conditions

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25
Q

How are the levels of thyroxine controlled by negative feedback?

A
  • When the levels increase, it is detected by receptors in the brain
  • This inhibits the release of TSH
  • This inhibits the release of thyroxine, so levels of thyroxine fall
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26
Q

How are low levels of thyroxine returned to normal?

A
  • Low levels of thyroxine stimulate production of TRH in the hypothalamus
  • TRH causes the release of TSH from the pituitary gland
  • TSH acts on the thyroid to produce thyroxine
  • When thyroxine levels returns to normal level, thyroxine inhibits the release of TRH = stops the production of TSH
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27
Q

What is the menstrual cycle?

A

The process the body undergoes each month to prepare for a potential pregnancy

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28
Q

At what day does ovulation occur?

A

14

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29
Q

At what day does the cell lining break down occur?

A

28

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30
Q

What is a hormone?

A

Chemical messenger produced in glands and carried by the blood to specific organs in the body

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31
Q

What is menstruation?

A

The loss of blood and tissue from the lining of the uterus through the vagina during the menstrual cycle

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32
Q

What does FSH stand for?

A

Follicle stimulating hormone

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33
Q

What is the purpose of FSH?

A

Causes the maturation of an egg in the ovary

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34
Q

Where is FSH produced?

A

Pituitary gland

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35
Q

What does LH stand for?

A

Luteinising hormone

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36
Q

What is the purpose of LH?

A

Stimulates the release of the egg

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37
Q

Where is LH produced?

A

Pituitary gland

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38
Q

What is the purpose of oestrogen?

A

Involved in repairing and thickening the uterus lining

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39
Q

Where is Oestrogen produced?

A

Ovaries

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40
Q

What is the purpose of progestorone?

A

Maintains the uterine lining

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41
Q

Where is Progesterone produced?

A

Ovaries

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42
Q

Where is progesterone secreted from?

A

Egg follicle

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43
Q

What is a follicle?

A

Fluid filled ball of cells found in the ovary containing an ovum

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44
Q

What is the corpus luteum?

A

The remains of the follicle in an ovary after it has released an ovum into the fallopian tube

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45
Q

What hormone does FSH stimulate the production of?

A

Oestrogen

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46
Q

What hormone does Oestrogen inhibit?

A

FSH

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47
Q

What happens when oestrogen rises to a high level?

A

Causes a surge in LH - causes ovulation

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48
Q

What happens to the follicle after the egg is released?

A

Follicle becomes corpus luteum - Produces progesterone and oestrogen (inhibits FSH and LH)

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49
Q

What happens to the lining of the uterus if the egg has not been fertilised?

A

The corpus luteum dies and progesterone levels drop - uterus lining breaks down & menstruation happens

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50
Q

What is contraception?

A

The prevention of fertilisation

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51
Q

What are the types of contraceptive pills?

A
  • Progesterone only
  • Progesterone and oestrogen (mixed pill)
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52
Q

How does the mixed pill work?

A
  • Oestrogen levels are constantly high = inhibits FSH so no
    eggs mature
  • Lining also stops developing and the mucus in the cervix becomes thick = sperm cannot move through
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53
Q

What are some side-effects of the mixed pill?

A
  • Changes in mood
  • Breast pain / tenderness
  • Increased blood pressure
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54
Q

Name some non-hormonal methods of contraception

A
  • Physical barrier methods
  • Spermicidal agents
  • IUD
  • Abstaining from intercourse
  • Surgical methods
55
Q

How does a male condom prevent fertilisation?

A

Placed over erect penis, prevents sperm entering vagina

56
Q

What are the disadvantages of condoms?

A

They can tear or rip

57
Q

How does a diaphragm or cap prevent fertilisation?

A

Placed over the cervix, prevents sperm from entering the vagina

58
Q

What are the disadvantages of Diaphragms?

A

Diaphragms need to be put in just before sex and left in several hours afterwards

59
Q

How does an IUD prevent fertilisation?

A

Prevents the implantation of an embryo or release of a hormone

60
Q

What are the disadvantages of IUD?

A

Small chance of causing an ectopic pregnancy

61
Q

How does an spermicidal agents prevent fertilisation?

A

Kills or disables sperm

62
Q

What are the disadvantages of spermicidal agents?

A

Some people may have allergic reactions

63
Q

What are the disadvantages of surgical methods?

A

Cannot be reversed - permanent

64
Q

What are fertility drugs used for?

A

To increase the chance of pregnancy

65
Q

What hormones are mainly used in fertility drugs?

A

FSH & LH

66
Q

Name a fertility drug

A

Clomiphene

67
Q

When is Clomiphene given to a woman?

A

If the woman doesn’t ovulate

68
Q

How does Clomiphene work?

A

Increases the amount of FSH & LH released from the hypothalamus, increasing the chance that a woman will ovulate

69
Q

When are IVF treatments used?

A

If there are issues with the quality of the man’s sperm, or if a woman has blocked oviducts

70
Q

How does IVF treatment work?

A
  • Mother is given FSH and LH
  • Matured eggs are extracted from the mother and fertilised in the lab using sperm
  • The fertilised eggs develop into embryos and then one or two are inserted in the uterus
71
Q

Why would a woman be given FSH and LH?

A

To encourage the release and maturation of eggs

72
Q

What are the benefits of IVF treatment?

A

Provides a way for an infertile couple to have a child

73
Q

What are the cons of IVF treatment?

A
  • Emotionally stressful
  • Physically stressful - Women may have reactions to the hormones
  • Can be expensive - if process needs to be repeated
  • May lead to multiple births
74
Q

What does ART stand for?

A

Assisted Reproductive Technology

75
Q

What is ART?

A

The use of hormones and procedures, as fertility treatments, to help to achieve pregnancy

76
Q

What are some examples of ART?

A
  • IVF
  • Fertility drugs
77
Q

What does homeostasis control?

A
  • Blood glucose concentration
  • Body temperature
  • Water levels
78
Q

Why is homeostasis important?

A

Maintains enzyme action and all cell functions

79
Q

What is thermoregulation?

A

The act of keeping internal body temperature constant

80
Q

Why is thermoregulation important?

A

If the temperature exceeds 37 degrees the enzymes will become less effective and eventually denature

81
Q

What is osmoregulation?

A

The act of keeping the concentration of the blood at a constant level

82
Q

What will happen if the blood becomes too dilute?

And why is osmoregulation important in this case?

A

Water will move into cells by osmosis and they will swell, eventually bursting under the pressure

Osmoregulation keeps the blood at the same concentration

83
Q

What will happen if the blood becomes too concentrated?

And why is osmoregulation important in this case?

A

Water will move out of cells and they will shrink

Osmoregulation keeps the blood at the same concentration

84
Q

Where is the thermoregulatory centre found in the body?

A

Hypothalamus

85
Q

What is vasodilation?

A
  • Dilation of blood vessels near the surface of the skin
  • Allows blood to flow closer to the skin surface, increasing heat loss to the surroundings
86
Q

Describe what happens when the human body temperature becomes too high?

A
  • Sweat (evaporates from skin surface resulting in increased energy transfer away
    from body) is produced from sweat glands
    —> The sweat is released onto the surface of the epidermis.
  • Vasodilation
87
Q

In which part of the skin is sweat glands located?

A

Dermis

88
Q

What is vasoconstriction?

A
  • Constriction of blood vessels near the surface of the skin
  • Less blood flows close to the skin surface, decreasing heat loss to the surroundings
89
Q

Describe what happens when the human body temperature becomes too low?

A
  • Skeletal muscles contract rapidly ( shivering ) to generate heat from respiration
  • Hairs stand on end to create an insulating layer, trapping warm air
  • Vasoconstriction
90
Q

What is the human body temperature?

A

37.5 degrees Celsius

91
Q

What does the thermoregulatory centre contain?

A

Receptors sensitive to the temperature of the blood

92
Q

How does the hypothalamus respond to information related with the thermoregulatory centre?

A

By sending nerve impulses to effectors in the skin to maintain body temperature

93
Q

What are the layers of skin?

A
  • Dermis
  • Epidermis
  • Fatty tissue
94
Q

What are the parts of the body control systems?

A
  • Receptors
  • Effectors
  • Coordination centres
95
Q

What is a Receptor?

A

Organ, tissue or cell that detects a stimulus

96
Q

Give an example of what a effector will respond to

A

Temperature change

97
Q

What is a Effector?

A

The organ, tissue or cell that produces a response

98
Q

Give an example of what a effector will respond to

A

Temperature change

99
Q

How is water lost through the body?

A
  • Sweat from the skin
  • Water vapour, from the lungs when we exhale
  • Urine from the kidneys
100
Q

What happens if the glucose levels in the blood are too high?

A

The pancreas produces insulin

101
Q

What is glycogen?

A

A store of glucose in the liver and muscle tissues

102
Q

What is glucagon?

A

A hormone secreted by the pancreas when blood glucose concentration is too low
—> Causes the breakdown of glycogen to glucose in the liver

103
Q

What is insulin?

A

A hormone that regulates the level of sugar in the blood and can be produced by genetically modified bacteria

104
Q

How does insulin control high blood glucose concentrations?

A
  • Glucose to move from the blood into muscle cells for respiration
  • Excess glucose to be converted into glycogen which is stored in the liver
105
Q

How does glucagon control low blood glucose concentrations?

A
  • Pancreas produces the hormone glucagon
  • Glucagon binds to to the liver cells causing glycogen to be broken down into glucose
  • Glucose is released into the blood, increasing the blood glucose concentration
106
Q

What hormones keep blood glucose concentrations constant?

A
  • Insulin
  • Glucagon
107
Q

Why can the actions of insulin & glucagon not occur continually?

A

Because when the blood arrives at a certain glucose concentration the other hormone is produced, resulting in the opposite effect.

108
Q

What relationship does insulin & glucagon work in?

A

Negative feedback loop

109
Q

What is diabetes?

A

Where the body cannot control blood sugar levels properly

110
Q

What is type 1 diabetes?

A

Where the pancreas cannot produce enough insulin
—>This is congenital

111
Q

What are the symptoms of type 1 diabetes?

A
  • Lots of urine
  • Individual may be thirsty
112
Q

How can type 1 diabetes be controlled?

A
  • Insulin injections at meal times, which results in glucose being taken up from the bloodstream
  • Advised to limit the intake of simple carbohydrates
113
Q

What is type 2 diabetes?

A

The body cells no longer respond to insulin
—> This is acquired

114
Q

What are the symptoms of type 2 diabetes?

A
  • Obesity
  • Lots of urine
115
Q

How can type 2 diabetes be controlled?

A
  • Reducing the number of simple carbohydrates in diet
  • Losing weight
  • Increasing exercise
  • Drugs are available to make insulin more effective on body cells
116
Q

What is obesity?

A

A Body Mass Index over 30

117
Q

How do you calculate BMI?

A
118
Q

What are some ways to evaluate body mass?

A
  • BMI
  • Waist : hip ratio
119
Q

If you have a high body mass are you more likely to have type 2 diabetes?

A

Yes

120
Q

What is the urinary system?

A

The bodily system that removes impurities and waste products from
our blood

121
Q

Describe the route for blood purification

A
  1. Blood containing impurities travels in the renal artery to the kidneys
  2. The kidneys regulate the levels of salt, ions and urea in the blood. —-> Any excess is sent to the ureter for excretion, and eventually the bladder
  3. The purified blood returns to the circulation by way of the renal vein.
122
Q

Where are the kidneys located?

A

Both sides of the lower lumbar reigon

123
Q

Label the structure of the kidney

A
124
Q

Label the structure of the nephron

A
125
Q

What is the functions of the kidney?

A
  • They regulate the water content of the blood (vital for maintaining blood pressure)
  • They excrete the toxic waste products of metabolism
126
Q

Name the parts of the nephron?

A
  • Bowman’s capsule
  • Proximal convoluted tubule
  • Loop of Henlé
  • Distal convoluted tubule
  • Collecting duct
127
Q

What is the medulla?

A

Inner part of the kidney

128
Q

What is the cortex?

A

Outer part of the kidney

129
Q

What structure supplies the kidney blood?

A

Renal artery

130
Q

What structure takes away the blood from the kidney?

A

Renal vein

131
Q

Where does ultrafiltration occur?

A

The glomerulus

132
Q

What is the glomerulus?

A

A collection of capillaries at the start of the nephron

133
Q
A

Biology (11 decks)

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