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Biology > PAPER 1 - LAST MIN STUFF > Flashcards

PAPER 1 - LAST MIN STUFF Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Describe how an impulse passes from the relay neurone to the motor neurone

A
  • Neurotransmitter diffuses across the synapse
  • New impulse is triggered in the motor neurone
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2
Q

Explain the function of a reflex arc

A
  • A process that occurs in response to danger
  • Which bypasses the brain
  • It protects the body from harm
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3
Q

Explain how impulses are transmitted at synapses

A
  • Synapse = gap between neurones
  • Electrical impulse stimulates the release of the chemical (neurotransmitter)
  • The neurotransmitter diffuses across the synapse
  • Which stimulates an electrical impulse in the next neurone
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4
Q

Describe the role of sensory neurones

A
  • Transmits electrical impulses
  • From receptors to the CNS
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5
Q

What type of lens helps with short sightedness?

A
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6
Q

What type of lens helps with long sightedness?

A
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7
Q

Long or short sightedness?

A

Short

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8
Q

Short or long sighted

A

long sighted

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9
Q

Explain how the size of the pupil of the eye changes when its bright

A
  • Pupil get smaller
  • Iris gets bigger
  • Circular muscles contract
  • Radial muscles relax
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10
Q

What type of nerve is the optic nerve?

A

Sensory neurone

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11
Q

Describe how cataracts are corrected by surgery

A
  • Cut into the eye using a laser
  • Replace old lens
  • With a new clear artificial lens
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12
Q

People who are short-sighted cannot see distant objects clearly, why

A

Light rays meet in front of the retina

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13
Q

Explain how a gene mutation can produce a different protein

A
  • A change in the base sequence
  • Like addition/ deletion
  • Changes the order of amino acids
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14
Q

Role of the myelin sheath?

A
  • Insulates the electrical signal
  • Speeds up the impulse
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15
Q

Describe the pathway of a nerve impulse through a reflex arc

A
  • Receptor cells detect a stimulus
  • Sensory neurone sends a message to the CNS
  • Message travels from the CNS to the motor neurone
  • Initiates a response in the muscle
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16
Q

Describe how cancer is grown

A
  • Mutations in DNA
  • Cell division is uncontrolled
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17
Q

Describe the function of a meristem

A
  • Meristem cells are undifferentiated
  • Meristem cells divide by mitosis
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18
Q

Describe how the student would prepare a microscope slide to look at a cell

A
  • Use forceps to pick up a thin layer /section of the cells
  • Add a stain
  • Place a cover slip on top of the sample
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19
Q

Why can stem cells be used to treat a disease?

A
  • Stem cells can differentiate to replace damaged cells / stem cells are undifferentiated
  • Can be used to replace damaged cells
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20
Q

State how percentile charts are used

A

To monitor growth over time

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21
Q

What is an autoclave?

A

Used to sterilise & kill unwanted bacteria

22
Q

Why has the three domain classification system proposed?

A
  • Improved genetic analysis
  • DNA sequencing
  • Domain theory is based on genetics
23
Q

Describe the evidence that scientists might have used to show a species has inhabited the earth earlier than another

A
  • Scientist may look for structural differences of the fossil
  • The species would be deeper in the rock than the other species
24
Q

Suggest an explanation for the extinction of a species

A
  • Likely to be out-competed by another species
  • For resources essential for survival
25
Q

Explain how a bacteria developed resistance to antibiotics

A
  • By natural selection
  • Mutation in the bacterium
  • Resistant bacteria survive when people don’t finish the course
  • Resistant bacteria survive & reproduce
26
Q

Describe how a characteristic (ex. thinner beaks) is a result of evolution

A
  • Mutations occurred that changes (beak shape)
  • Birds with the characteristic (thinner beaks) were out competed than those with the other characteristic
  • The birds with the characteristic reproduced & passed on the alleles for the characteristic
  • This occurs over many generations
27
Q

Describe the theory of evolution by natural selection

A
  • Overproduction of offspring
  • Organisms in a species have mutations
  • There is a selection pressure
  • Adapted organisms survive
28
Q

Describe how scientists would produce a genetically modified bacteria

A
  • Use restriction enzymes to remove gene
  • Cut plasmid with restriction enzyme
  • Sticky ends are complementary
  • Cut the gene from the genome of another species & plasmid bacteria
  • Use ligase to join DNA molecules together
  • Then insert this gene into a plasmid into the bacteria
29
Q

Describe how a species can be selectively bred for a desired characteristic?

A
  • Breed the two species
  • Select the offspring with the desired characteristic
  • Repeat the process over many generations
30
Q

Explain why using an electron microscope shows more structures/ detail?

A
  • Greater resolution
  • Greater magnification is possible
  • Smaller structures can be seen
31
Q

Explain what happens to a cell when they are placed in a concentrated salt solution

A
  • Water moves out of the cell
  • By osmosis
32
Q

Explain why people with AIDS are more susceptible to a disease

A
  • HIV destroys white blood cells
  • So body is unable to destroy the pathogen
33
Q

Give one reason why cirrhosis is described as a non-communicable disease

A

It cannot be passed from one person to another

34
Q

State two safety precautions that need to be taken when handling something/ someone contagious

A
  • Wear gloves
  • Sterilise equipment
35
Q

Explain how the body will react when a person is vaccinated against a disease

A
  • They are immune to (disease)
  • As vaccination contained antigens
  • Memory lymphocytes
  • Leading to a production of antibodies
  • Leads to a secondary immune response
36
Q

Benefits that the Human Genome Project

A
  • Treating genetic disorders
  • Locate & understand genes associated with diseases
37
Q

Explain why the enzyme was added to the mixture

A
38
Q

State some variables the student needs to control when comparing the
mass of DNA from two fruits

A
  • Mass of fruit
  • Volume of ethanol
  • Temperature
39
Q

Describe the lytic pathway

A
  • Virus inserts its genetic material into the host cell
  • Uses the host cell machinery
  • Virus components are made
  • Cell lyses releases the virus
40
Q

Explain why antibiotics can be used to treat bacterial infections

A
41
Q

Describe how a mutation in the non-coding region of a gene can lead to the production of less protein

A
42
Q

Describe how a pregnancy test uses monoclonal antibodies to show that a woman is pregnant

A
43
Q

Describe how protein synthesis makes viral proteins mRNA

A
44
Q

What do we use to test for sugars, starch, protein & lipids?

A

SUGARS: Benedict’s solution

STARCH: Iodine

PROTEIN: Biurets reagent

LIPIDS: Cold ethanol

45
Q

What colour does benedict’s solution turn when sugar is present?

A

Blue to ORANGE

46
Q

What colour does Iodine turn when starch is present?

A

orange to BLACK

47
Q

What colour does Biurets Reagent turn when protein is present?

A

blue to PURPLE

48
Q

What colour does cold ethanol turn when lipids are present?

A

colourless to CLOUDY

49
Q

What is genotype?

A

An organisms specific genetic code

50
Q

What is phenotype?

A

How the genetic code is expressed in physical characteristics

51
Q

Explain why exercise can cause weight loss

A
  • Exercise requires energy
  • Reducing fat

Biology (11 decks)

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