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Biology > SB8 - Exchange and transport in animals > Flashcards

SB8 - Exchange and transport in animals Flashcards

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1
Q

Why do organisms need to transport substances out of the body?

A

To prevent waste products from accumulating

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2
Q

Where does the exchange of substances occur?

A

Across the cell membrane

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3
Q

What do specialised exchange surfaces allow?

A

Efficient transport of substances from one area to another

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4
Q

What are the transport processes that organisms use?

A
  • Diffusion
  • Osmosis
  • Active transport
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5
Q

Why do unicellular organisms not need to have specialist exchange surfaces or transport systems?

A

As diffusion, osmosis and active transport through the cell membrane occur at a sufficient rate to meet the needs of the organism

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6
Q

Why do multicellular organisms need to have specialist exchange surfaces or transport systems?

A

As the distance between the surface of the organism to its centre is relatively long
—> As diffusion, osmosis and active transport cannot happen sufficiently to meet a larger organism’s needs otherwise

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7
Q

Why do large, multicellular organisms need exchange surfaces?

A

Large, multicellular organisms already have relatively small surface areas (SA) in comparison to their volumes

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8
Q

Give an example of transport systems in animals

A

Blood & circulatory system

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9
Q

Give an example of transport systems in plants

A
  • Xylem
  • Phloem
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10
Q

Give some examples of some exchange surfaces

A
  • Root hair cells of plants
  • Walls of nephrons in the kidneys
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11
Q

What are some common characteristics of exchange surfaces?

A
  • Short distance for diffusion
  • Large surface area
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12
Q

How does having a large surface area aid exchange surfaces?

A

Greater the surface area = the more particles can move through
—> Resulting in a faster rate of diffusion

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13
Q

How does having a thin membrane aid exchange surfaces?

A

Provides a short diffusion pathway, allowing the process to occur faster

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14
Q

How does having an efficient blood supply (in animals) aid exchange surfaces?

A

Creates a steep concentration gradient, so diffusion occurs faster

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15
Q

Why can single celled organisms use diffusion to transport molecules into their body?

A

They have a relatively large surface area to volume ratio
—> They have low metabolic demands, diffusion across the surface of the organism meets demands

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16
Q

What is the purpose of alveoli?

A

Allows gas exchange between the lungs and blood

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17
Q

How is alveoli adapted to diffusion?

A
  • Walls of alveoli are thin
  • Capillaries provide a large blood supply
  • Very small & arranged in clusters
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18
Q

How does alveoli being small & arranged in clusters aid diffusion?

A

Creating a large surface area for diffusion to take place over

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19
Q

How does alveoli having a large blood supply aid diffusion?

A

Maintains the concentration gradient

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20
Q

How does alveoli having thin walls aid diffusion?

A

There is a short diffusion pathway

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21
Q

What are the factors which affect the rate of diffusion?

A
  • Temperature
  • Surface area of the membrane
  • Concentration gradient
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22
Q

Describe the effect of concentration gradient on the rate of diffusion?

A

The greater the difference in concentration, the faster the rate of diffusion
—> Bc more particles are randomly moving down the gradient than are moving against it

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23
Q

Describe the effect of temperature on the rate of diffusion?

A

The greater the temperature, the greater the movement of particles
—> More collisions therefore faster rate of diffusion

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24
Q

Describe the effect of surface area of the membrane on the rate of diffusion?

A

The greater the surface area, the more space for particles to move through
—> Faster rate of diffusion

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25
Q

What is the equation used to calculate the rate of diffusion?

A
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26
Q

What is the blood made up of?

A
  • Plasma
  • Red blood cells
  • White blood cells
  • Platelets
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27
Q

What is the purpose of platelets?

A

Cell fragments that have no nuclei - important in the clotting mechanism of the blood

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28
Q

What is the purpose of the red blood cells?

A

They carry oxygen molecules from the lungs to all the cells in the body

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29
Q

List how red blood cells are adapted to its function?

A
  • Biconcave disc shape
  • No nucleus
  • Contains haemoglobin
30
Q

How does red blood cells having a biconcave disc shape help its function?

A

Provides a large surface area

31
Q

How does red blood cells having no nucleus help its function?

A

Allows more room to carry oxygen

32
Q

Describe why blood can be dark red

A

There is less oxygen attached to the haemoglobin molecules

33
Q

Describe why blood can be bright red

A

There is a lot of oxygen attached to the haemoglobin molecules

34
Q

What is the purpose of the plasma?

A

The liquid that carries the components in the blood

35
Q

What is the purpose of the white blood cells?

A

They are a part of the immune system

36
Q

What are the types of white blood cells?

A
  • Phagocytes
  • Lymphocytes
37
Q

What are the types of blood vessels?

A
  • Arteries
  • Veins
  • Capillaries
38
Q

What is the purpose of arteries?

A

Carries blood AWAY from the heart

39
Q

Describe how the arteries are adapted to its function

A
  • Layers of muscle in the walls make them strong
  • Elastic fibres allow them to stretch

This helps the vessel to withstand the high pressure created by pumping of the heart

40
Q

What is the purpose of veins?

A

Carries blood TOWARDS the heart

41
Q

Describe how the veins are adapted to its function

A
  • The lumen is wide to allow the low pressure blood to flow through
  • They have valves to ensure the blood flows in the right direction
42
Q

What is the purpose of capillaries?

A

Allows the transfer of substances between the blood and tissues

43
Q

Describe how the capillaries are adapted to its function

A
  • One cell thick - short diffusion pathway
  • Permeable walls - substances can move across them
44
Q

What is the circulatory system?

A

The system that moves blood through the body and removes waste products

45
Q

Describe the structure of the heart

A
  • Muscular walls
  • Muscular wall of the left ventricle is thicker
  • 4 chambers that separate the oxygenated blood from the deoxygenated blood
  • Valves
  • Coronary arteries cover the heart to provide its own oxygenated blood supply
46
Q

What is the purpose of muscular walls in the heart?

A

Provides a strong heartbeat

47
Q

Why is the muscular wall of the left ventricle thicker in the heart?

A

Blood needs to be pumped all around the body rather than just to the lung like the right ventricle

48
Q

What is the purpose of the valves in the heart?

A

To prevent the backflow of blood

49
Q

Which side of the heart is oxygenated blood?

A

Left

50
Q

Which side of the heart is deoxygenated blood?

A

Right

51
Q

What is the average natural resting rate of the heart?

A

70bpm

52
Q

What system does the heart use to pump blood around the body?

A

Double circulatory

53
Q

Describe the pathway of blood

A
  • Blood flows into the right atrium through the vena cava, and left atrium through the
    pulmonary vein
  • Atria contracts forcing the blood into the ventricles
  • The ventricles contract, pushing the blood in the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery to be taken to the lungs & blood in the left ventricle to the aorta to be taken around the body
54
Q

When is an artificial pacemaker used?

A

When the individual has an irregular heartbeat

55
Q

What is the equation for cardiac output?

A
56
Q

What is stroke volume?

A

The volume of blood expelled from the heart in one contraction

57
Q

What is heart rate?

A

The number of beats per minute

58
Q

What is cellular respiration?

A

An exothermic reaction which is a series of chemical reactions that release energy from glucose

59
Q

Why is respiration exothermic

A

Some energy is transferred out of the cells by heating - keeps animals warm

60
Q

Compare aerobic respiration w/ anaerobic respiration?

A
61
Q

Why do organisms need energy?

A
  • Chemical reactions
  • Muscle contraction
  • Keeping warm
62
Q

What is aerobic respiration?

A

The chemical reaction in cells that uses oxygen to break down nutrient molecules to release energy

63
Q

What is anaerobic respiration?

A

The chemical reaction in cells that breaks down nutrient molecules to release energy without using oxygen

64
Q

What is the formula for lactic acid?

A
65
Q

What is oxygen debt?

A

The amount of oxygen required to break down the lactic acid that has built up

66
Q

Why is lactic acid dangerous for our bodies?

A

Lactic acid builds up in muscle cells and lowers the pH of the muscle tissue (making the conditions more acidic)
—> Acidic conditions can denature the enzymes in cells

67
Q

What is repaying the oxygen debt?

A

The process of breaking down the lactic acid

68
Q

What other organisms apart from humans can anaerobically respire?

A
  • Plants
  • Yeast
69
Q

What is fermentation important in?

A
  • Brewing
  • Manufacture of bread
70
Q

Core practical: Rate of respiration in living orgaisms

Describe the method you will use to conduct this experiment

A

Pick a small organism that you would like to measure the rate of respiration of (e.g
maggots, or leaves)

  1. Place 5cm 3 of soda lime into a test tube
  2. Place gauze on top and a small amount of the organism being tested on top of this
  3. Attach a three-way tap, capillary tube and syringe to the test-tube. Plug the test-tube
    with a stopper
  4. Insert a small amount of coloured liquid into the capillary tube
  5. Turn the 3-way tap to allow air to enter the test tube for 5 minutes. After 5 minutes,
    close the 3-way tap.
  6. Record how far the coloured liquid has moved against a scale.
71
Q

What is a respirometer?

A

A machine to measure the effect of temperature on the oxygen consumption of small organisms

72
Q

Describe how a simple respirometer should look like

A

Biology (11 decks)

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