Saunders, Cardio

Question 1

the Total Volume of Blood Pumped through the heart in 1 Minute. Normal (4-7 L/min). Equals Stroke Volume Multiplied by HR. Can be calculated via the Thermodilution method when the client has a Pulmonary Artery Cather (Swan-Ganz catheter)

Answer 1

Cardiac Output

Question 2

CO =

Answer 2

SV x HR

Question 3

the Amount of Blood Ejected from the Left Ventricle w/ each Contraction. Normal (70-130 mL/heartbeat). Can be affected by Preload, Afterload, Contractility, & the Frank-Starling law.

Answer 3

Stroke Volume

Question 4

the Volume of Blood Stretching the Left Ventricle at the End of Diastole. Is determined by the Total Circulating Blood Volume & is Increased by an Increase in Venous Return to the Heart.

Answer 4

Preload

Question 5

the Force Against which the Heart has to Pump (Peripheral Resistance) to Eject Blood from Left Ventricle. Factors & Conditions that would Impede Blood Flow Increase Left Ventricular ___.

Answer 5

Afterload

Question 6

the Inherent Ability of the Myocardium to Alter Contractile Force & Velocity. Sympathetic Stimulation Increases it, so Stroke Volume Increases. Conditions that decreases this Reduce Stroke Volume.

Answer 6

Contractility

Question 7

the Force Exerted by the Blood Against the Walls of the blood vessels. If it Falls too Low, Blood flow to the Tissues, Heart, Brain, & other Organs becomes Inadequate. If it becomes too High, the Risk of Vessel Rupture & Damage Increases.

Answer 7

BP

Blood Pressure

Question 8

the Phase of Contraction of the Heart, Especially of the Ventricles, during which Blood is Forced into the Aorta & Pulmonary Artery

Answer 8

Systole

Question 9

the Maximum Pressure of Blood Exerted Against the Artery Walls when the Heart Contracts

Answer 9

Systolic Pressure

Question 10

the Phase of the Cardiac Cycle in which the Heart Relaxes between Contractions. Represents the Period of time when the Two Ventricle are DILATED by the Blood Flowing into them.

Answer 10

Diastole

Question 11

the Force of the blood Exerted Against the Artery Walls when the Heart Relaxes of Fills.

Answer 11

Diastolic Pressure

Question 12

an Approximate of the Average Pressure in the Systemic Circulation throughout the Cardiac Cycle; Used in Hemodynamic Monitoring. Must be between 60-70 mm Hg for Adequate Organ Perfusion

Answer 12

MAP

Mean Arterial Pressure

Question 13

the Difference between the Systolic & Diastolic Pressure. Norma (30-40 mm Hg)

Answer 13

Pulse Pressure

Question 14

the Force Exerted by the blood Against the Vein Walls. Normal are Highest in the Extremities (5-14 cm H2O in the arm), & Lowest Closest to the Heart (6-8 cm H2O in the Inferior Vena Cava)

Answer 14

Venous Pressure

Question 15

a Blood pressure Decrease of more than 10-15 mm Hg of the Systolic Pressure or a Decrease of more than 10 mm Hg of the Diastolic Pressure & a 10%-20% Increase in HR.

Answer 15

Postural (Orthostatic) Hypotension:

Occurs when the client’s BP is not Maintained adequately when moving from a Lying to a Sitting or Standing Position

Question 16

Specialized Nerve Endings located in the walls of the Aortic Arch & Carotid Sinuses. They are Affected by Changes in the Arterial BP. Increases in Arterial Pressure Stimulate ___ & the HR & Arterial Pressure Decrease. Decreases in Arterial Pressure lead to a Lessened Stimulation of the Baroreceptors, Vasoconstriction occurs, & the HR Increases.

Answer 16

Baroreceptors (Pressoreceptors)

Question 17

Nerve Endings located in the Vena Cava & the Right Atrium that Respond to Pressure Changes Affecting Circulatory Blood Volume. When the Blood Pressure Decreases because of Hypovolemia, a Sympathetic Response Occurs, causing an Increased HR & Blood Vessel Constriction. When the BP Increases because of HYPER-Volemia, an Opposite effect occurs.

Answer 17

Stretch Receptors

Question 18

the measurement obtained during Momentary Balloon Inflation of a Pulmonary Artery catheter; it is Reflective of Left Ventricular End-Diastolic Pressure. Normally ranges between 4-12 mm Hg. A Decrease indicates HypErVolemia, Left Ventricular Failure, or Mitral Regurgitation.

Answer 18

PAWP

Pulmonary Artery Wedge Pressure

Question 19

the Ability of the Heart Muscle Fibers to Propagate Electrical Impulses Along & Across Cell Membranes.

Answer 19

conductivity

Question 20

Heard as the atrioventricular valves Close & is heard Loudest at the APEX of the Heart

Answer 20

S1 (first Heart Sound)

Question 21

Heard when the Semilunar Valves Close & is Heard Loudest ate the BASE of the heart.

Answer 21

S2 (second heart sound)

Question 22

Heard if Ventricular Wall Compliance is Decreased & Structures in Ventricular Wall Vibrate; Can occur in HF, Valvular Regurgitation. May be norma in individuals <30 y)

Answer 22

S3 (third heart sound)

Question 23

Heard on Atrial Systole if Resistance to Ventricular Filling is Present; Abnormal Finding; Causes Cardiac Hypertrophy, Disease, or Injury to Ventricular Wall

Answer 23

S4 ( fourth Heart Sound)

Question 24

Stimulation of ____ releases neurotransmitter Norepinephrine, producing an Increased HR, Increased conduction speed through the Atrioventricular Node, Increased Atrial & Ventricular Contractility, & Peripheral Vasoconstriction.

Answer 24

Sympathetic nerve fibers

Stimulation occurs when a Decrease in Pressure is Detected

Question 25

Stimulation of ____ Releases Neurotransmitter ACetylCholine, which decreases HR & lessens Atrial & Ventricular Contractility & Conductivity.

Answer 25

Parasympathetic Nerve Fibers

Stimulation occurs when an Increase in Pressure is Detected

Question 26

___ in Arterial Pressure stimulate Baroreceptors & HR & Arterial Pressure Decrease.

Answer 26

Increases

Question 27

___ in Arterial Pressure reduce stimulation of Baroreceptors & Vasoconstriction occurs, as does an Increase in HR.

Answer 27

Decreases

Question 28

Located in the Vena Cava & Right Atrium; Respond to pressure changes that Affect Circulatory Blood Volume

Answer 28

Stretch Receptors

Question 29

When the BP Decreases as a result of ____, a Sympathetic Resoponse occurs, causing and Increased HR & Blood Vessel Constriction

Answer 29

Hypovolemia

Question 30

When the BP Increases as a result of ____, Parasympathetic Response occurs, causing a Decrease in HR & lessened atrial & ventricular contractility & conductivity.

Answer 30

Hypervolemia

Question 31

Influences BP Indirectly by regulating Vascular Volume

Answer 31

Antidiuretic Hormone (Vasopressin)

Question 32

Increases in blood Volume result in Decreased Antidiuretic Hormone Release, Increasing Diuresis, Decreasing Blood Volume, & thus…

Answer 32

Decreasing BP

Question 33

Decreases in blood Volume result in Increased Antidiuretic Hormone Release; this promotes an Increase in Blood Volume & therefore …

Answer 33

Increased BP

Question 34

A potent Vasoconstrictor; causes BP to ..

Answer 34

Increases

Question 35

Renin Converts Angiotensinogen to Angiotensin I; Angiotensin I is then converted to Angiotensin II in the ..

Answer 35

LUNGS

Question 36

Angiotensin II Stimulates the Release of ___, which promotes Water & Na+ REtention by the KIDNEYS; this action Increases Blood Volume & BP

Answer 36

Aldosterone

Question 37

(pacing function) ability of cardiac cells to generate an electrical impulse spontaneously & repetitively; primarily pacemaker cells (SA node)

Answer 37

Automaticity

Question 38

Ischemia (decreased blood flow),
Electrolyte Imbalance,
Hypoxia, 
Drug Toxicity,
Infarction (cell death)

Answer 38

conditions creating independent electrical impulses creating dysrhythmias

Question 39

ability of non-pacemaker heart cell to respond to an electrical impulse beginning in pacemaker cell and depolarize (neg. charged cells develop pos. charge)

Answer 39

Excitability

Question 40

ability to send an electrical stimulus from cell membrane to cell membrane ; wave of depolarization causes the deflections of ECG waveforms that are recognized as P Wave & QRS complex

Answer 40

Conductivity

Question 41

ability of Atrial & Ventricular muscle cells to shorten their fiber length in response to electrical stimulation, causing sufficient pressure to push blood forward through the heart. (mechanical activity of the heart)

Answer 41

Contractility