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Medical Terminology > Cardio 2 > Flashcards

Cardio 2 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

chest pain resulting from Myocardial Ischemia caused by inadequate myocardial blood & oxygen supply (imbalance between O2 supply & Demand)

A

Angina

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2
Q

Causes: obstruction of coronary blood flow resulting from atherosclerosis, coronary artery spasm, or conditions increasing myocardial oxygen consumption

A

Angina

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3
Q

occurs w/ Activities that involve Exertion or Emotional Stress; Relieved w/ Rest or Nitroglycerin

A

Stable (Exertional Angina)

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4
Q

occurs w/ an Unpredictable degree of Exertion or Emotion & Increases in Occurrence, Duration, & Severity Over Time; Pain may not be relieved w/ Nitroglycerin

A

Unstable (PreInfarction Angina)

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5
Q

Chronic, Incapacitating & Unresponsive to Interventions

A

Intractable Angina

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6
Q

Acute Coronary Insufficiency; lasts >15-30 min; Worsening Cardiac Ischemia; Chest Pain days to weeks before an MI

A

PreInfarction Angina

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7
Q

Pain: develops slowly or quickly; mild-Moderate; Substernal, Crushing, Squeezing; may Radiate to Shoulders, Arms, Jaw, Neck, Back; Intensity unaffected by Inspiration/Expiration; lasts

A

Angina

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8
Q

Dsypnea
Pallor
Sweating

A

Angina

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9
Q

Palpitations & Tachycardia
Dizziness & Syncope
HypErTension
Digestive Disturbances

A

Angina

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10
Q

ECG: Normal readings during Rest w/ ST Depression or T-Wave Inversion during an Episode of Pain

A

Angina

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11
Q

Angina Stress Testing: Chest Pain/Changes in ECG or VS during Testing may Indicate

A

Ischemia

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12
Q

Findings are normal in Angina

A

Cardiac Enzyme & Troponin levels

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13
Q

provides definitive diagnoses by providing information about Patency of Coronary ARteries

A

Cardiac Catheterization (Angina)

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14
Q
  1. Asses Pain
  2. O2 by NC
  3. VS, continuous cardiac monitoring,
  4. Bed Rest/ semi-Fowler’s
  5. 12-lead ECG
  6. IV access
A

Nitroglycerin (Angina)

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15
Q

to Dilate Coronary Arteries, reduce O2 requirements of Myocardium, & relieve chest Pain

A

Nitroglycerin (Angina)

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16
Q

Antiplatelet meds to inhibit platelet aggregation & reduce risk of developing an Acute MI

A

Angina

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17
Q

occurs when myocardial Tissue is Abruptly & Severely Deprived from Oxygen; Ischemia can lead to Necrosis of Myocardial Tissue if blood flow is Not Restored.

A

MI

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18
Q

does not occur Instantly, Evolves over Several Hours; After 6 hrs, area appears blue & swollen; After 48 hrs, area turns gray w/ yellow streaks (as neutrophils invade tissue)

A

MI

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19
Q

Granulation Tissue forms

A

8-10 days after Infarction

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20
Q

over 2-3 months, Necrotic area develops into Scar tissue, permanently changing size & shape of ..

A

entire left ventricle (MI)

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21
Q

Atypical discomfort, SOB, Fatigue often present w/ NSTEMI (non-ST-elevation myocardial Infarction) or T-Wave Inversion

A

Women (Sx of MI)

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22
Q

SOB, pulmonary Edema, Dizziness, ALOC, dysrhythmia

A

Elderly (Sx of MI)

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23
Q

Atherosclerosis/ CAD/ Elevated Cholest. levels

A

MI risk factors

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24
Q

Smoking/ HTN/ Obesity/ Physical Inactivity

A

MI risk factors

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25
Q

Impaired Glucose Tolerance,

Stress

A

MI risk factors

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26
Q

Troponin
Creatine Kinase
CK-MB isoenzyme
Myoglobin

A

MI (labs)

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27
Q

elevated WBC (up to 20,000 cells/mm3)

A

appears on the second day after MI, lasting up to 1 week

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28
Q

ECG:
T-wave Inversion
& abnormal Q-WAVE (usually remain permanently)

A

+
STEMI (ST-Elevation MI)
or
NSTEMI (non-ST-Elevation MI)

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29
Q

T-wave Inversion, Abnormal , & STEMI/NSTEMI return to normal hours-days..

A

Abnormal Q-wave may remain permanently.

in MI

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30
Q

Prescribed to Assess for ECG changes & Ischemia following an Acute Stage MI; evaluate for Medical therapy or identify who may need invasive therapy

A

Exercise Tolerance Test or Stress Test

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31
Q

to assess for Ischemia or Necrotic Muscle Tissue

A

Thallium Scans

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32
Q

used to Evaluate left Ventricular Function

A

Multigated Cardiac Blood Pool

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33
Q

to determine Extent & Location of Obstructions of Coronary Arteries

A

Cardiac Catheterization

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34
Q 
Pain:
Crushing or Substernal Pain.
Radiate to Jaw, Back, Left-Arm.
Occur without cause, primarily early morning.
Lasts >30 min.
A

MI

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35
Q

Pain is Unrelieved by Rest or Nitroglycerin & is Relieved only by Opioids

A

MI

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36
Q

Nausea/Vomiting
Diaphoresis
Dyspnea

A

MI

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37
Q

Dysrhythmias
Feelings of Fear & Anxiety
Pallor, Cyanosis, Coolness of Extremities

A

MI

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38
Q

Dysrhythmias
HF
Pulmonary Edema

A

MI complications

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39
Q

Cardiogenic Shock
Thrombophlebitis
Pericarditis

A

MI complications

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40
Q

Mitral Valve Insufficiency
Post Angina
Ventricular Rupture

A

MI complications

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41
Q

combination of Pericarditis, Pericardial Effusion, Pleural Effusion; can occur weeks-months after MI

A

Dressler’s Syndrome

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42
Q

Pain relief Increases Oxygen supply to Myocardium…A priority in managing pain for MI

A

Morphine (opioid)

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43
Q
  1. Pain Description (crushing/substernal…)
  2. O2 by NC
  3. Pain (morphine, nitroglycerin)
  4. VS, Cardiovascular Status, Cardiac monitoring
  5. Bed Rest; semi-Fowler’s (for comfort & tissue oxygenation)
  6. IV access
  7. 12-Lead ECG
A

MI (acute stage)

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44
Q

Antidysrhythmics

Thromobolytics (monitor for Bleeding)

A

MI (acute stage)

45
Q

to slow HR & increase Myocardial Perfusion while Reducing the Force of Myocardial Contraction

A

B-Blocker

MI (acute stage)

46
Q

monitor for Cardiac Dysrhythmias (Tachycardia & PVCs)

A

MI (acute stage)

47
Q

Assess distal peripheral pulses & skin temp; Cool Diaphoretic skin & diminished/ Absent pulses Indicates…

A

Poor Cardiac Output ; MI (acute stage)

48
Q

I & O

A

MI (acute stage)

49
Q

Assess RR & Breath Sounds; Crackles, Wheezing, or Dependent Edema

A

MI (acute stage) can lead to HF

50
Q

after Acute MI stage, if Systolic Pressure <100 or 25 lower than previous reading after medications …

A

lower HOB & Notify HCP

51
Q

Bed Rest (24-36 hr).
Prevent thrombus formation, Increase Mobility slowly.
Monitor for complications.

A

After acute episode of MI

52
Q

Inability of the heart to maintain adequate CO to Meet the metabolic demands of the Body because of impaired Pumping Ability

A

HF

53
Q

Diminished CO results in inadequate Peripheral Tissue Perfusion.
Pulmonary Edema can Occur.

A

HF

54
Q

occurs suddenly

A

Acute HF

55
Q

develops over time.

a person w/ HF can develop …

A

an Acute Episode (HF)

56
Q

most HF begins w/ ____, & progresses to failure of Both Ventricles

A

Left HF

57
Q

Acute Pulmonary Edema (medical Emergency), results from

A

Left Ventricular Failure

HF

58
Q

If not treated, person will die from suffocation because they are literally drowning in their own fluids

A

Pulmonary Edema

HF

59
Q

an Inadequate Output of the Affected Ventricle causes Decreased Perfusion to Vital Organs

A

Forward Failure (HF)

60
Q

Blood backs up behind the affected ventricle, causing Increased pressure in Atrium behind affected Ventricle

A

Backward Failure (HF)

61
Q

not Enough CO is available to meet the demands of the body

A

Low-Output HF

62
Q

occurs when a condition causes the heart to Work Harder to meet Demands of Body

A

High-Output HF

63
Q

leads to problems w/ Contraction & Ejection of Blood

A

Systolic Failure (HF)

64
Q

leads to problems w/ the Heart Relaxing & Filling w/ blood

A

Diastolic Failure (HF)

65
Q

Act to Restore CO to near-normal levels; work initially, but eventually have a damaging effect on pump action

A

Compensatory Mechanisms

66
Q

Compensatory mechanisms contribute to an Increase in Myocardial Oxygen consumption; when this occurs, Myocardial Reserve is Exhausted & Clinical Manifestations of develop.

A

of HF

67
Q

Increased HR

Improved Stroke Volume

A

HF Compensatory Mechanisms

68
Q

Arterial Vasoconstriction

A

HF Compensatory Mechanisms

69
Q

Sodium & Water Retention

A

HF Compensatory Mechanisms

70
Q

Myocardial Hypertrophy

A

HF Compensatory Mechanisms

71
Q

Evident in Pulmonary system

A

Signs of Left Ventricular HF

72
Q

Evident in Systemic Circulation

A

Signs of Right Ventricular HF

73
Q

Dependent Edema (Legs & Sacrum)

A

Right-Sided HF

74
Q

JVD

A

Right-Sided HF

75
Q

Abdominal Distention

A

Right-Sided HF

76
Q

Hepatomegaly

A

Right-Sided HF

77
Q

Splenomegaly

Anorexia & Nausea

A

Right-Sided HF

78
Q

Weight Gain

A

Right-Sided HF

79
Q

Swelling of Fingers & Hands

A

Right-Sided HF

80
Q 
Increased BP (from Fluid Vol. Excess) or 
Decreased BP (from Pump Failure)
A

Right-Sided HF

81
Q

Signs of Pulmonary Congestion

A

Left-Sided HF

82
Q

Dyspnea

Tachypnea

A

Left-Sided HF

83
Q

Crackles in Lungs

A

Left-Sided HF

84
Q

Dry, Hacking Cough

A

Left-Sided HF

85
Q

Paroxysmal Nocturnal Dyspnea

A

Left-Sided HF

86
Q 
Increased BP (from FVE)
Decreased BP (from Pump Failure)
A

Left-Sided HF

87
Q

Severe Dyspnea & Orthopnea

A

Acute Pulmonary Edema (HF)

88
Q

Pallor

Tachycardia

A

Acute Pulmonary Edema (HF)

89
Q

Expectoration of large amounts of blood-tinged frothy sputum

A

Acute Pulmonary Edema (HF)

90
Q

Wheezing & Crackles

Gurgling respirations

A

Acute Pulmonary Edema (HF)

91
Q

Acute Anxiety,
Apprehension,
Restlessness

A

Acute Pulmonary Edema (HF)

92
Q

Profuse Sweating
Cold, Clammy Skin
Cyanosis

A

Acute Pulmonary Edema (HF)

93
Q

Nasal Flaring
Use of Accessory Muscles
Tachypnea

A

Acute Pulmonary Edema (HF)

94
Q

is evidenced by Muscle Cramps, Weakness, Dizziness, & Paresthesias

A

Hypocapnia in Acute Pulmonary Edema (HF)

95
Q

High-Fowler’s, w/ legs in a dependent position to reduce

A

Pulmonary Congestion & Relieve Edema; Acute Episode of HF

96
Q

Oxygen w/ NC or Mask in high concentrations

A

to improve gas exchange and pulmonary function (goal of O2 Saturation 90%); Acute Episode of HF

97
Q

Assess lung sounds.
IV access
Foley (to measure output accurately).
Intubation or Ventilator support (if required)

A

Pulmonary Edema: Acute Episode of HF

98
Q

In Pulmonary Edema (HF), this will eliminate accumulated fluid

A

Furosemide (rapid-acting diuretic)

99
Q

In Pulmonary Edema (HF), this reduces venous return (preload), decreases anxiety, & also reduces the work of Breathing.

A

Morphine Sulfate

100
Q

In Pulmonary Edema (HF), Cardiac Monitoring for

A

HR & Dysrhythmias

101
Q

In Pulmonary Edema (HF),, Lung sounds are assessed for Crackles &

A

Decreased Breath Sounds/ Response to Tx (weight measurement also determines response to tx)

102
Q

In Pulmonary Edema (HF), this increases Ventricular Contractility & Improves CO

A

Digoxin

103
Q

Bronchodilators for severe Bronchospasm or Bronchoconstriction.

A

In Pulmonary Edema (HF)

104
Q

Medications to facilitate myocardial Contractility & Enhance Stroke Volume.

A

In Pulmonary Edema (HF)

105
Q

Vasodilators to reduce Afterload, Increase the capacity of Systemic Venous bed, & Decrease venous return to the Heart.

A

In Pulmonary Edema (HF)

106
Q 
Digoxin
Diuretic
Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme (ACE) inhibitors.
Low-dose B-Blockers.
Vasodilators.
A

Medication Regimen for HF (Pulmonary Edema)

107
Q

Avoid: OTC med, Caffeine.
Diet: Low-Sodium, fat, cholest.
K rich foods (diuretics

A

x

108
Q

Balance periods of Activity & Rest.

Avoid Isometric Activities (Increase pressure in the Heart).

A

x

109
Q

Fluid Restriction (suck on hard candy to reduce thirst).
Monitor weight daily.
Report signs of Fluid Retention (edema/ weight gain)

A

x

Medical Terminology (9 decks)

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