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Biochem 2.0 > SAS #9: Lipid Metabolism > Flashcards

SAS #9: Lipid Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

is a thick semi-liquid material made up of partially digested food and gastric secretions (hydrochloric acid and several enzymes).

A

Chyme

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2
Q

The arrival of chyme from the stomach triggers in the small intestine, through the action of the hormone __________, the release of bile stored in the gallbladder.

A

cholecystokinin

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3
Q

With the help of bile, the free fatty acids and monoacylglycerols produced from hydrolysis are combined into tiny spherical droplets called _________.

A

micelles

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4
Q

A fatty acid micelle is a ________

A

micelle

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5
Q

is a lipoprotein that transports triacylglycerols from intestinal cells, via the lymphatic system, to the bloodstream.

A

chylomicron

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6
Q

is a triacylglycerol-storing cell.

A

adipocyte

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7
Q

is tissue that contains large numbers of adipocyte cells, located primarily directly beneath the skin (subcutaneous), particularly in the abdominal region, and in areas around vital organs.

A

Adipose tissue

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8
Q

storage location for the chemical energy inherent in TAGs,

A

Adipose tissue

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9
Q

provides organs with protection against physical shock.

A

Adipose tissue

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10
Q

is the hydrolysis of triacylglycerols stored in adipose tissue, followed by release into the bloodstream of the fatty acids and glycerol so produced.

A

Triacylglycerol mobilization

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11
Q

is an intermediate in both glycolysis and gluconeogenesis. It can be converted to pyruvate, then acetyl CoA, and finally carbon dioxide, or it can be used to form glucose.

A

Dihydroxyacetone phosphate

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12
Q

Oxidation of Fatty Acids:

fatty acid must be activated by boding to coenzyme A

A

Activation

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13
Q

Occur at the outer mitochondrial membrane. Reactants are the fatty acid, coenzyme A, and a molecule of ATP.

A

Activation

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14
Q

the activated fatty acid–CoA molecule refers to a random length fatty acid carbon chain that is covalently bonded to coenzyme A.

A

Acyl CoA

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15
Q

refers to a two-carbon chain covalently bonded to coenzyme A.

A

Acetyl CoA

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16
Q

Oxidation of Fatty Acids:

fatty acid must be transported into mitochondrial matrix shuttle mechanism

A

Transport

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17
Q

Oxidation of Fatty Acids:

fatty acid must be repeatedly oxidized ,cycling through a series of four reactions, to produce CoA, FADH2, and NADH

A

B-oxidation

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18
Q

lipids are ____ more efficient than carbohydrates for energy storage w/ equal no. of carbons

A

33%

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19
Q

The first step of the citric acid cycle involves the reaction between _______ and _________.

A

oxaloacetate and acetyl CoA.

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20
Q

Sufficient ________ must be present for the acetyl CoA to react with.

A

oxaloacetate

21
Q

What happens when
oxaloacetate supplies are too low for all acetyl CoA present to be processed through the citric acid cycle?

A

the excess acetyl CoA is diverted to the formation of ketone bodies

22
Q

Is one of three substances (acetoacetate, β-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone) produced from acetyl CoA when an excess of acetyl CoA from fatty acid degradation accumulates because of triacylglycerol-carbohydrate metabolic imbalances.

A

KETONE BODY

23
Q

serve as sources of energy for various tissues and are very important energy sources in heart muscle and the renal cortex.

A

KETONE BODY

24
Q

is the metabolic pathway by which ketone bodies are synthesized from acetyl CoA.

A

Ketogenesis

25
Q

The primary site for the process of ketogenesis is ____________.

A

liver mitochondria.

26
Q

The first ketone body to be produced is ______. This
production occurs in Step 3 of ketogenesis.

A

acetoacetate

27
Q

steps in the process of ketogenesis:

Two acetyl CoA molecules combine to produce acetoacetyl CoA, a reversal of the last step of the b-oxidation pathway via a condensation reaction.

A

First condensation

28
Q

steps in the process of ketogenesis:

Acetoacetyl CoA reacts with a third acetyl CoA and water to produce 3-hydroxy-3 -methylglutaryl CoA (HMG-CoA) and CoA-SH.

A

Second condensation.

29
Q

steps in the process of ketogenesis:

HMG-CoA is cleaved to acetyl CoA and acetoacetate.

A

Chain cleavage.

30
Q

steps in the process of ketogenesis:

Acetoacetate is reduced to β-hydroxybutyrate. The reducing agent is NADH.

A

Hydrogenation.

31
Q

Under normal metabolic conditions (an appropriate glucose–fatty acid balance), the concentration of ketone bodies in the blood is very low about 1 mg/100 mL. Abnormal metabolic conditions, produce elevated blood ketone levels, levels 50–100 times greater than normal.

A

Ketosis

32
Q

excess accumulation of ketone bodies in blood (20 mg/100 mL) is called At a level of 70 mg/100 mL,

A

Ketonemia-

33
Q

the renal threshold is exceeded and ketone bodies are excreted in the urine,

A

Ketonuria

34
Q

the overall accumulation of ketone bodies in the blood and urine. ______ is often detectable by the smell of acetone on a person’s breath; acetone is very volatile and is excreted through the lungs.

A

Ketosis

35
Q

result of such dieting include headache, dry mouth, and sometimes acetone-smelling breath. True for fasting situation.

A

Mild ketosis

36
Q

extremely serious ketosis that can develop to persons with uncontrolled Type 1 diabetes.

A

Ketoacidosis

37
Q

is the metabolic pathway by which fatty acids are synthesized from acetyl CoA.

A

Lipogenesis

38
Q

Lipogenesis or Degradation of fatty

cell cytosol

A

Lipogenesis

39
Q

Lipogenesis: synthesis of fatty acids OR β-oxidation pathway: Degradation of fatty

mitochondrial matrix

A

β-oxidation pathway

40
Q

Lipogenesis: synthesis of fatty acids OR β-oxidation pathway: Degradation of fatty

Enzymes are collected into a multienzyme complex called fatty acid synthase making the steps close together.

A

Lipogenesis

41
Q

Lipogenesis: synthesis of fatty acids OR β-oxidation pathway: Degradation of fatty

Enzymes are not physically associated, so the reaction steps are independent.

A

β-oxidation pathway

42
Q

Lipogenesis: synthesis of fatty acids OR β-oxidation pathway: Degradation of fatty

Intermediate carrier: bonded to ACP (acyl carrier protein)

A

Lipogenesis

43
Q

Lipogenesis: synthesis of fatty acids OR β-oxidation pathway: Degradation of fatty

Intermediate carrier: CoA

A

β-oxidation pathway

44
Q

Lipogenesis: synthesis of fatty acids OR β-oxidation pathway: Degradation of fatty

Dependent to reducing agent NADPH

A

Lipogenesis

45
Q

Lipogenesis: synthesis of fatty acids OR β-oxidation pathway: Degradation of fatty

Dependent to oxidizing agents FAD and NAD+

A

β-oxidation pathway

46
Q

Lipogenesis: synthesis of fatty acids OR β-oxidation pathway: Degradation of fatty

acetyl CoA is used to form malonyl ACP, which becomes the carrier of the two carbon units

A

Lipogenesis

47
Q

Lipogenesis: synthesis of fatty acids OR β-oxidation pathway: Degradation of fatty

CoA derivatives are involved in all steps

A

β-oxidation pathway

48
Q

the starting material for lipogenesis

A

Acetyl CoA

Biochem 2.0 (10 decks)

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