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Biochem 2.0 > SAS #8: Carbohydrate Metabolism > Flashcards

SAS #8: Carbohydrate Metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

six metabolic pathways of glucose:

Glucose → 2 molecules pyruvate

A

Glycolysis

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2
Q

six metabolic pathways of glucose:

glucose →glycogen

A

Glycogenesis

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3
Q

six metabolic pathways of glucose:

glycogen →glucose

A

Glycogenolysis

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4
Q

six metabolic pathways of glucose:

formation of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources

A

Gluconeogenesis

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5
Q

six metabolic pathways of glucose:

glucose produce NADPH, ribose 5 phosphate and other sugar phosphates

A

Pentose phosphate pathway

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6
Q

glucose (a C6 molecule) is converted into two molecules of pyruvate (a C3 molecule), chemical energy in the form of ATP is produced, and NADH-reduced coenzymes are produced.

A

GLYCOLYSIS

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7
Q

The conversion of glucose to pyruvate is an oxidation process, no molecular oxygen is utilized.

A

GLYCOLYSIS

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8
Q

coenzyme NAD+ is the oxidizing agent.

A

GLYCOLYSIS

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9
Q

Is an anaerobic pathway, means does not required oxygen

A

GLYCOLYSIS

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10
Q

Takes place in the cytosol.

A

GLYCOLYSIS

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11
Q

Is an energy consuming stage. The energy release associated with the conversion of two ATP molecules to two ADP molecules is used to transform monosaccharides into monosaccharide phosphates.

A

Six-carbon stage of Glycolysis (Step 1-3)

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12
Q

Six-carbon stage of Glycolysis (Step 1-3):

Formation of Glucose 6-Phosphate.

A

Step 1: Phosphorylation Using ATP:

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13
Q

Six-carbon stage of Glycolysis (Step 1-3):

Formation of Fructose 6-Phosphate.

A

Step 2: Isomerization:

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14
Q

Six-carbon stage of Glycolysis (Step 1-3):

Formation of
Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate.

A

Step 3: Phosphorylation Using ATP:

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15
Q

An energy-generating stage. Loss of a phosphate from these high-energy species effects the conversion of ADP molecules to ATP molecules. ese high-energy species effects the conversion of ADP molecules to ATP molecules.

A

Three-Carbon Stage of Glycolysis (Steps 4–10)

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16
Q

Three-Carbon Stage of Glycolysis (Steps 4–10):

In this step, the reacting C6 species is split into two C3 (triose) species.

A

Step 4: Cleavage: Formation of Two Triose Phosphates.

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17
Q

Three-Carbon Stage of Glycolysis (Steps 4–10):

Only one of the two trioses produced in Step 4, glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, is a glycolysis intermediate.

A

Step 5: Isomerization: Formation of Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate.

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18
Q

is a biochemical process by which NADH is oxidized to NAD+ without the need for oxygen. Two fermentation processes—lactate fermentation and ethanol fermentation—are now considered.

A

Fermentation

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19
Q

is the enzymatic anaerobic reduction of pyruvate to lactate.

A

Lactate fermentation

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20
Q

is the metabolic pathway by which glycogen is synthesized from glucose 6-phosphate.

A

Glycogenesis

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21
Q

is the activated carrier of glucose in glycogen synthesis (glycogenesis).

A

Glucose-UDP

22
Q

is the metabolic pathway by which glucose 6-phosphate is produced from glycogen.

A

Glycogenolysis

23
Q

is the starting material for glycolysis

A

free glucose

24
Q

is the metabolic pathway by which glucose is synthesized from noncarbohydrate materials.

A

Gluconeogenesis

25
Q

is the metabolic pathway by which glucose is used to produce NADPH, ribose 5-phosphate (a pentose phosphate), and numerous other sugar phosphates.

A

pentose phosphate pathway

26
Q

mainly in its reduced form (NADPH), involved in biosynthetic reactions of lipids and nucleic acids.

A

Phosphorylated coenzymes (NADP+
/NADPH)

27
Q

mainly in its oxidized form (NAD+), involved in the reactions of the common metabolic pathway (CTC & ETC).

A

Nonphosphorylated coenzymes NAD+ /NADH

28
Q

TWO STAGES: Pentose phosphate pathway (PPP)

occurs first, involves three steps through which glucose 6-phosphate is converted to ribulose 5-phosphate and CO2.

A

Oxidative stage

29
Q

A second major method for regulating carbohydrate metabolism, besides enzyme inhibition by metabolites, is hormonal control. Among others, three hormones—insulin, glucagon, and epinephrine—affect carbohydrate metabolism.

A

Hormonal Control of Carbohydrate Metabolism

30
Q

TYPE 1 OR 2 DIABETES:

Usually during childhood or puberty; symptoms develop rapidly.

A

Type 1

31
Q

TYPE 1 OR 2 DIABETES:

Frequently after age 35; symptoms develop gradually

A

Type 2

32
Q

TYPE 1 OR 2 DIABETES:

Frequently undernourished

A

Type 1

33
Q

TYPE 1 OR 2 DIABETES:

Obesity usually present

A

Type 2

34
Q

TYPE 1 OR 2 DIABETES:

10% of diagnosed diabetics

A

Type 1

35
Q

TYPE 1 OR 2 DIABETES:

90% of diagnosed diabetics

A

Type 2

36
Q

TYPE 1 OR 2 DIABETES:

Genetic predisposition is moderate

A

Type 1

37
Q

TYPE 1 OR 2 DIABETES:

Genetic predisposition is very strong

A

Type 2

38
Q

TYPE 1 OR 2 DIABETES:

B cells are destroyed, eliminating production of insulin

A

Type 1

39
Q

TYPE 1 OR 2 DIABETES:

Insulin resistance combined with inability of B cells to produce appropriate quantities of insulin

A

Type 2

40
Q

TYPE 1 OR 2 DIABETES:

Frequency of ketoses: common

A

Type 1

41
Q

TYPE 1 OR 2 DIABETES:

Frequency of ketosis: rare

A

Type 2

42
Q

TYPE 1 OR 2 DIABETES:

Plasma insulin: low tp absent

A

Type 1

43
Q

TYPE 1 OR 2 DIABETES:

plasma insulin: high early in disease; low in disease of long duration

A

Type 2

44
Q

TYPE 1 OR 2 DIABETES:

insulin is always necessary

A

Type 1

45
Q

TYPE 1 OR 2 DIABETES:

Treatment includes diet, exercise, oral hypoglycemic drugs; insulin may or may not be necessary.

A

Type 2

46
Q

involvement occurs in the enzyme pyruvate carboxylate, the enzyme needed to convert pyruvate to oxaloacetate (the new first step in gluconeogenesis).

A

Biotin

47
Q

in the form of PLP is involved in glycogenosis.

A

Vitamin B6

48
Q

Isoenzyme ALDOLASE produced by different genes:

in most tissue

A

Aldolase A

49
Q

Isoenzyme ALDOLASE produced by different genes:

in the liver kidneys, & small intestines

A

Aldolase B

50
Q

Isoenzyme ALDOLASE produced by different genes:

in the brain

A

Aldolase C

Biochem 2.0 (10 decks)

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