Sample Questions NAVLE DrPaMoEs Flashcards
Which of the following statements is true about pinworm infections in mice?
There is no good treatment for pinworms in
mice
Infections always result in diarrhea
The worms inhabit the descending colon in mice
Heavy parasite loads may lead to rectal prolapse
Answer: Heavy parasite loads may lead to rectal prolapse
The correct answer is heavy parasite loads may lead to rectal prolapse. Pinworms (Syphacia obvelata and Aspicularis tetraptera) in mice inhabit the cecum. Most infections are subclinical and treatment involves administration of piperazine sulfate. Ivermectin may be used as well.
Most bladder stones in rabbits are primarily composed of?
- Magnesium
- Urate
- Phosphorus
- Cysteine
- Calcium carbonate
Answer: Calcium carbonate
The correct answer is calcium carbonate, although there seem to be multiple causes of formation of cystic calculi. One major component is that rabbits will absorb calcium through their GI tract at a rate directly proportional to the amount of calcium in their diet regardless if they need it or not. Excess calcium is then excreted through the kidneys.
A 3 1/2 year old castrated male ferret presents for episodes of lethargy. He has also been intermittently dragging the pelvic limbs. Which of these choices is a likely cause of these signs in this ferret?
Insulinoma
Renal carcinoma
Adrenal tumor
Diabetes mellitus
Answer: Insulinoma
The correct answer is insulinoma. This condition is common in ferrets and would cause bouts of lethargy. Intermittent pelvic limb weakness is another manifestation of systemic weakness secondary to hypoglycemia. Renal carcinoma is not common in ferrets. Adrenal tumors and diabetes mellitus usually are accompanied by different clinical signs.
Which of the following diseases is not commonly associated with beak abnormalities?
- Polyoma virus
- Liver failure
- Cnemidocoptes infestation
- Psittacine beak and feather disease
Answer: Polyoma virus-
The correct answer is Polyoma virus. The virus usually results in lethargy, anorexia, depression, and death. The death may be acute in nature, and it is likely that there will be no beak abnormalities.
Whenever you observe beak abnormalities, you should rule out liver disease. Cnemidocoptes infestations lead to a honeycomb-like beak.
Broiler chickens often develop lesions that negatively impact welfare in which part of their bodies due to the rapid muscle growth that they experience?
Feet and legs
Reproductive organs
Comb
Breast muscle
Head
Answer: Feet and Legs
Rapid growth is associated with limb and foot
lesions in broilers.
A 20-year old mare is presented for a dermal nodule on her head. An aspirate of the mass reveals that it is a mast cell tumor. What is the prognosis for this horse?
- Guarded, the tumors do not metastasize, but they are locally aggressive and are difficult to excise completely.
- Grave, the tumor has already metastasized and the life expectancy of the horse is no longer than 1 month.
- Good; the tumors are benign and excision is usually curative.
- Poor, the tumors have often metastasized by the time they are diagnosed.
Answer: Good; the tumors are benign and excision is usually curative.
The correct answer is good; the tumors are benign and excision is usually curative. Mast cell tumors in horses are benign. They can occur anywhere on the horse, but are often found in the dermis or subcutis of the head or legs. The tumors may also invade underlying musculature, but are often walled off by aggregates of fibrous stroma.
A guinea pig presents to your emergency clinic for oral petechia and loose teeth. You also note a rough hair coat on physical exam. What nutritional disorder is common in guinea pigs and can lead to the signs described?
- Hypovitaminosis D
- Hypovitaminosis A
- Hypocalcemia
- Hypovitaminosis C
- Hypervitaminosis A
Answer: Hypovitaminosis C
The correct answer is hypovitaminosis C. Guinea pigs are frequently deficient in vitamin C and can develop scurvy. Vitamin C is necessary for collagen synthesis, and deficiency leads to a rough hair coat, loose teeth, petechia, and lameness. It is treated with vitamin C injections, as multivitamins can lead to vitamin A and D toxicosis. Leafy green vegetables are good dietary sources of vitamin C.
An owner just arrived from a camping trip with his dog.
He is worried about his dog that seems to have undergone a change in behavior after being attacked by a wild animal. Additionally, the owner thinks that the dog’s voice has actually changed. What is your top differential?
Canine Distemper
Rabies
Botulism
Tetanus
Answer: Rabies
The correct answer is rabies. If it sounds like it could be rabies, diagnose it until proven otherwise.
The signs to focus on are attacked by a wild animal, a behavior change, and a voice change.
This should put rabies at the top of your list. This dog is exhibiting signs of the prodromal stage of rabies. Canine distemper is a potential differential, but you will most likely see other symptoms such as respiratory and Gl signs. Tetanus will manifest itself as rigidity and botulism as flaccid paralysis.
Remember that any animal with an acute behavioral change or flaccid paralysis is a rabies suspect.
You are called out to examine a 4-year old dromedary who was castrated 10-days ago and is now not eating.
The groin and prepucial area are extremely swollen. The camel is unable to stand and is drooling. His neck is extended and he appears to be unable to swallow. Which of the following is most likely responsible for these symptoms?
Trypanosoma evansi
Clostridium tetani
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus
Rabies virus
Answer: Clostridium tetani
This camel is showing signs of tetanus. The organism was likely introduced into the body through the castration wound. It is recommended that camels are vaccinated against tetanus prior to castration. Reference: Trop Anim Health Prod.
2004 Apr;36(3):217-24.
While rabies may cause paralysis of the tongue and difficulty swallowing, the recent history of castration in this camel makes tetanus most likely.
Trypanosoma evansi is transmitted via biting flies and causes a slow wasting disease in camels.
A one year old rescued iguana presents for further evaluation as a result of poor growth. Survey radiographs show osteopenia and evidence of remodeling suggestive of a previous fracture. What is the most likely diagnosis?
- Metabolic bone disease
- Gout
- Hypovitaminosis C
- Primary hypoparathyroidism
Answer: Metabolic bone disease
The correct answer is metabolic bone disease.
Other things to look for are a pliable mandible and maxilla. Usually, you will see bowing of the long bones with rounding of the skull. The disease usually occurs as a result of secondary nutritional hyperparathyroidism or hypovitaminosis D.
Gout results from a primary overproduction of uric acid or an inability to excrete uric acid.
You and your hospital are interested in purchasing a $30,000 ultrasound machine. Which of the following factors will have the biggest influence on whether such a purchase will be profitable?
- The interest rate on the loan for the purchase
- Whether the machine is purchased vs. leased
- Marketing and pricing
- The cost of insuring the machine
Answer: Marketing and pricing
Determining whether to lease or purchase new equipment, current interest rates, and other costs are all very important considerations. However, the ability to make such a purchase profitable hinges on the ability to successfully market the product and services associated with it and the associated prices that will be charged.
A 2-year old MN DSH has recently been treated for a urethral obstruction. He went home last week from the hospital on an acidifying canned diet for this condition.
The owner reports he is passing urine in moderate amounts, but he is still straining frequently. You reexamine the cat and find that the bladder is empty on palpation and the wall feels a little thickened. You are confident that the cat has not re-blocked and the cat’s bloodwork shows normal electrolytes and renal values.
Which of the following medications may help the cat with this problem?
- Amitriptyline
- Phenoxybenzamine
- Phenylpropanolamine
- Methocarbamol
- Prednisolone
Answer: Phenoxybenzamine
This cat is likely suffering from hypertonicity of urethral muscle, which was incited from the recent obstruction and urinary catheter. This can cause spasms, which makes urinating painful and not easily controlled. Phenoxybenzamine can be used in this case to reduce internal urethral sphincter tone such that the cat may urinate more easily.
Methocarbamol is a muscle relaxant but would not directly help spasms of the urethra.
Prednisolone is not used to help reduce inflammation or spasms in the urethra and may predispose the cat to contracting a urinary infection, especially while his bladder and urethra are compromised.
Pheny|propanolamine is used to treat urinary incontinence from urethral hypotonicity most often in dogs and would be contraindicated in this case.
Amitriptyline is an anti-depressant medication that has been implicated as part of a treatment plan for cats with cystitis, although benefit has never been proven. Because cats with cystitis can flare up during times of stress, the amitriyptyline has been thought to help prevent this. This medication would not work to stop spasms in the urethra.
A 2-year old MN DSH has recently been treated for a urethral obstruction. He went home last week from the hospital on an acidifying canned diet for this condition.
The owner reports he is passing urine in moderate amounts, but he is still straining frequently. You reexamine the cat and find that the bladder is empty on palpation and the wall feels a little thickened. You are confident that the cat has not re-blocked and the cat’s bloodwork shows normal electrolytes and renal values.
Which of the following medications may help the cat with this problem?
Amitriptyline
Phenoxybenzamine
Phenylpropanolamine
Methocarbamol
Prednisolone
Answer: Phenoxybenzamine
This cat is likely suffering from hypertonicity of urethral muscle, which was incited from the recent obstruction and urinary catheter. This can cause spasms, which makes urinating painful and not easily controlled. Phenoxybenzamine can be used in this case to reduce internal urethral sphincter tone such that the cat may urinate more easily.
Methocarbamol is a muscle relaxant but would not directly help spasms of the urethra.
Prednisolone is not used to help reduce inflammation or spasms in the urethra and may predispose the cat to contracting a urinary infection, especially while his bladder and urethra are compromised.
Pheny|propanolamine is used to treat urinary incontinence from urethral hypotonicity most often in dogs and would be contraindicated in this case.
Amitriptyline is an anti-depressant medication that has been implicated as part of a treatment plan for cats with cystitis, although benefit has never been proven. Because cats with cystitis can flare up during times of stress, the amitriyptyline has been thought to help prevent this. This medication would not work to stop spasms in the urethra.
Which of the following is an appropriate objective in the repair of an articular fracture in a dog?
- 6-8 weeks of strict post-operative rest
- Early return to function
- Avoid rigid fixation of the fracture
- 50% or greater alignment
Answer: Early return to function
The correct answer is early return to function.
With articular fractures, the 3 major goals of the clinician are:
1) Rigid fixation of the fracture fragments; neglecting to do this will result in loose fracture fragments within the joints that will promote osteoarthritis.
2) Anatomic realignment (50% or even 75% is not adequate with articular fractures, in contrast to long bone fractures)
3) Early return to function. With long bone fractures, extended rest is recommended to promote stability and healing of the bone. The opposite is true in articular fractures where prolonged rest after repair will promote fibrosis, causing decreased range of motion in the joint.
An obese, sedentary, female Bichon Frise of 5 months of age walks into your clinic as a result of having mucus-laden diarrhea of one-week duration. You perform a gram stain of the feces and visualize “gull-shaped” gram-negative rods. What is the most likely diagnosis?
- Salmonellosis
- Cryptosporidium
- Campylobacteriosis
- Clostridioides difficile
Answer: Campylobacteriosis
The correct answer is Campylobacteriosis. This is a gram negative motile, thin, S-shaped or gull-shaped rod. It can occur singly, in pairs, or in chains. C. jejuni is most commonly isolated. You can also isolate this organism with fresh fecal swabs streaked onto Campylobacter blood agar plates, which grows in an oxygen-reduced atmosphere in 3-4 days.
Salmonella is a gram-negative bacillus. C. difficile is a gram-positive rod.
Cryptosporidium is a coccidian parasite. Fun Fact:
Kids with puppies are 16 times more likely to acquire Campylobacteriosis.
What is the duration of a mare’s estrous cycle?
- 9-15 days
- 19-26 days
- 41-52 days
- 27-37 days
- 53-60 days
Answer: 19-26 days
The correct answer is 19-26 days. Estrus in a mare can last 2-10 days but, on average, is 6 days long.
The mare is a polyestrous animal from the beginning of spring through summer. The estrous cycle’s duration lasts 19-26 days.
A 6-year old West Highland White Terrier comes in to see you for the mucopurulent ocular discharge as seen in the photo below. A Schirmer tear test shows no tear production. What is the treatment of choice for chronic canine keratoconjunctivitis sicca?
A. Systemic cyclosporine and antibiotics
B. Systemic antibiotics and corticosteroids
C. Topical cyclosporine and systemic corticosteroids
D. Topical cyclosporine and a topical steroid
Answer: Topical cyclosporine and a topical corticosteroid
The correct answer is topical cyclosporine and a topical steroid. The treatment of KCS is aimed at reducing immune destruction of the lacrimal glands.
Topical cyclosporine (Optimmune) and a topical steroid (frequently in a triple antibiotic/steroid ointment) are the treatment of choice. You should be cautious using steroids in acute cases due to the risk of corneal ulceration.
Zoonotic diseases commonly carried by raccoons include rabies and
- Toxocara
- Baylisascaris
- Echinococcus
- Trichinella
Answer: Baylisascaris
The correct answer is Baylisascaris.
Baylisascaris procyonis is an ascarid parasite of raccoons that causes mild signs in raccoons but can undergo aberrant migration in humans and cause fatal central nervous system signs.
Which of the following can be treated with enalapril?
- Acute renal failure
- Hypotension
- Protein-losing nephropathy
- Protein losing enteropathy
Answer: Protein-losing nephropathy
Enalapril is an angiotensin-converting enzyme
(ACE) inhibitor used as a vasodilator, antihypertensive agent, and heart failure treatment. It works by preventing the conversion of angiotensin I to angiotensin Il, thus reducing aldosterone concentrations and causing diuresis.
Its dilatory effects on the efferent arterioles of glomeruli help to palliate protein losing nephropathies. It is often used in conjunction with diuretics.
A 3-year old indoor/outdoor domestic short hair cat presents with a history of lethargy and decreased appetite. T= 103.1 F/ 39.5 C, P= 200 bpm, R= 36. On exam you note a swelling over the bridge of the nose and on fundic exam see some dark circular lesions in the retinas. The disease you suspect in this cat may have been transmitted by which of the following?
- Puncture wound from contaminated soil
- Scratch from another cat
- Ingestion of oocyts from raw meat
- Inhalation of spores from pigeon droppings
Answer: Inhalation of spores from pigeon droppings
Cryptococcus is a genus of encapsulated yeast that is often associated with or found in pigeon droppings and eucalyptus trees. The spores are most often inhaled from the environment where these are present. Cats with cryptococcus will often develop a swelling over the bridge of the nose and lesions in the retinas.
Sporothrix is a fungus found in the soil (“rose grower’s disease”) and is introduced into the body via a puncture from a thorn or through an open wound or cut when exposed to contaminated soil.
Toxoplasmosis may be transmitted through ingestion of raw meat.