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Histopathology > Salivary Glands > Flashcards

Salivary Glands Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of saliva

A

speech, mastication, swallowing, taste, digestion, protection, buffering, antimicrobial action, maintenance of tooth integrity, soft tissue repair

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2
Q

what is taste function in saliva due to

A

protein gustin that is necessary for growth and maturation of taste buds

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3
Q

what is digestion function in saliva due to

A

salivary amylase that degrades starch

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4
Q

what is protection function in saliva due to

A

lubrication protects lining mucosa form noxious stimuli, bacterial toxins, and minor trauma
-washing action to rid mouth of non-adherent bacteria
-clears sugars from mouth

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5
Q

what does the buffering function of saliva do

A

prevents potential pathological bacteria from colonizing the mouth
- buffering of microbial acids
-sialin: protein that raises pH of dental plaque after exposure to fermentable carbohydrates to even things out

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6
Q

what is the antimicrobial action of saliva due to

A

lysozyme: hydrolyzes bacterial cell walls
lactoferrin: binds free iron and thereby deprives bacteria of an essential nutrient
salivary IgA: causes bacterial clumping (agglutination)

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7
Q

how does the maintenance of tooth integrity function in saliva work

A

calcium and phosphate ions facilitate mineralization of tooth surface

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8
Q

how does soft tissue repair function occur in saliva

A

via epithelial growth factor and clotting factors

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9
Q

what are ectomesenchymal cells

A

undifferentiated cells that cause invagination of oral eptihelial cells

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10
Q

what do ectomesenchymal cells do

A

dictate differentiation of oral epithelium which in turn proliferates and grows into the underlying mesenchyme

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11
Q

what do the epithelial buds of ectomesenchymal cells form

A

-alveoli that develop into acinar cells (form serous, mucous, or sero-mucous product)
-epithelial cords that develop into salivary ducts

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12
Q

what do serous alveoli contain? mucous?

A

serous: water based
mucous: contain protein mucin

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13
Q

what are the 5 stages of salivary gland development

A
  1. induction of oral epithelium by underlying ectomesenchyme
    - growth of the epithelial cord
    -initiation of epithelial cord branching
    - repetitive branching and lobule formation
    - canalization of the presumptive ducts
    - cytodifferentiation of the ducts at the tips to become acinar cells, myoepithelial cells, and ductal cells
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14
Q

salivary gland development is done with the help of what??

A

FGF and EGF

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15
Q

what happens in the development process of salivary glands

A

FGF and EGF act on terminal bulb that can differentiate into either acinar cells, myoepithelial cells and/or duct cells

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16
Q

what is the process timeline in the development process of salivary glands

A
  • 6th week of development: parotid and submandibular gland
  • 8th week of development: sublingual gland
  • 10th week of development: minor salivary glands
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17
Q

where are myoepithelial cells found and what do they do

A

envelope acinar cells
- they are smooth muscle contractile cells that help with secretory process. contract and squeeze mucous contents into the gut

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18
Q

where are ductal cells located

A

intercalated duct -> striated duct -> collecting duct

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19
Q

describe the appearance of glands

A

lobular in appearance and contain septa that form borders of lobules

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20
Q

what is the order of ducts starting with the acinus

A

intercellular canaliculus -> intercalated duct -> striated duct -> excretory duct
-> terminal excretory duct

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21
Q

where are intercellular canaliculi located and what happens in them

A
  • in between acinar cells. contain villi
  • water passes freely throughout the membrane and proteins are secreted and exchanged in granule forms
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22
Q

what are intercalated ducts lined with and what is its function

A

lined with cuboidal cells
- unknown function- may have backup function, stem cells to replace acinar cells

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23
Q

where are striated ducts located and what is their function

A

-location: where EGF is secreted to help with differentiation of terminal bulb cells
-function: have microvilli involved in electrolyte resorption. Na and Cl resorbed and K and bicarbonate secreted into duct

24
Q

describe the excretory duct

A

smooth duct with flat cells and no villi

25
Q

what are the 3 major salivary glands

A

parotid, submandibular and sublingual glands

26
Q

where does the parotid gland exit

A

stensons duct near 1st and 2nd maxillary molars

27
Q

what type of gland is the parotid gland and how much unstimulated salivary flow is it responsible for

A

pure serous gland
- 20%

28
Q

when does enlarged parotid gland occur

A

sjogrens syndrome, bulimia nervosa, anorexia nervous, benign and malignant neoplasia

29
Q

what is the histological appearance of the parotid gland

A

contains dark acinar, due to serous granules containing proteins

30
Q

where does the submandibular gland exit at

A

at whartons duct just under the tongue

31
Q

what type of gland int he submandibular gland and what portion of unstimulated salivary flow is it responsible for

A

-mixed serous gland
-60%

32
Q

which glands contain serous deminlunes

A

submandibular and sublingual gland

33
Q

where does sublingual gland exit

A

bartholin’s duct, posterior to whartons duct near sublingual caruncle

34
Q

what type of gland is the sublingual gland and what portion of unstimulated salivary flow is it responsible for

A

mixed mucoserous gland
- 10%

35
Q

what percentage of unstimulated salivary flow are minor salivary glands responsible for

A

10%

36
Q

what type of glands are minor salivary glands

A

mostly mucous

37
Q

what is von ebners gland and what do they do

A

pure serous gland associated with circumvallate papillae. once they are stimulated they send out secretions to wash away food from taste buds

38
Q

what type of gland is blandin-nuhn gland and where is it located

A

mucoserous gland located on ventral surface at tip of tongue

39
Q

what type of gland is Weber’s gland and where is it located

A

mucous gland associated with pharyngeal tonsils

40
Q

what type of gland is carmalt’s gland and where is it located

A

mucous gland found in the mandibular retromolar area

41
Q

what is an endocrine gland and does it have a duct system

A

-product secreted into blood and affects other cells
- no duct system

42
Q

what is an exocrine gland and does it have a duct system

A

-secrete product onto a surface
-usually has a duct

43
Q

what do merocrine glands do and where are they located

A

-little to no damage to secreting cells
-salivary glands

44
Q

what do apocrine glands do and where are they located

A

-partial injury to secreting cells as secrete product
-mammary and sweat glands

45
Q

what do halocrine glands do and where are they located

A

total destruction of secreting cells as they secrete product
-sebaceous glands

46
Q

what are fordyce granules

A
  • represent ectopic sebaceous glands
    -not pathologic
47
Q

what is nicotine stomatitis and what is it caused by

A

-reaction to heat- inflammed and ulcerated salivary glands
- smokers

48
Q

what is a salivary gland mucocele caused by

A

result of trauma from biting down that severs the duct resulting in extravasation of mucin into the surrounding soft tissues

49
Q

where is the most common site of occurrence of the salivary gland mucocele

A

lips, tip of ventral surface of the tongue, soft palate. in line with the occlusal plane

50
Q

what is a salivary gland mucocele characterized by

A

an accumulation of mucin containing numerous foamy histiocytes that cause inflammation response surrounded by granulation tissue

51
Q

what is a ranula and what other structure does it involve

A

-mucocele that occurs in the floor of the mouth
- often involves the sublingual salivary gland
- can increase or decrease in size during feeding times

52
Q

what is sjogrens sydrome, incidence, and symptoms

A

-chronic, systemic autoimmune disease
- 80-90% of cases occur in middle aged to older females
-clinical signs: xerostomia, xerophthalmia, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, parotid gland swelling due to lack of lymphocytic plasma cell infiltrate

53
Q

what is a mixed tumor/pleomorphic adenoma and incidence of gland tumors

A

-benign tumor that accounts for 53-77% of parotid gland tumors, 44-68% of submandibular gland tumors, and 38-43% of minor salivary gland tumors

54
Q

what is the histological appearance of a pleomorphic adenoma

A

well circumscribed and encapsulated tissue is derived from mixture of ductal and myoepithelial cells

55
Q

what is a mucoepidermoid carcinoma

A
  • one of the most common salivary gland malignancies
  • most commonly involved the parotid gland
  • involves pain or facial nerve palsy
56
Q

what is the histological appearance of a mucoepidermoid carcinoma

A

composed of a mixture of mucous producing cells and squamous epidermoid cells. abundant cellular pleomorphism and a tendency to form cystic areas within the tumor cell mass

Histopathology (14 decks)

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