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Histopathology > Alveolar bone formation and resorption > Flashcards

Alveolar bone formation and resorption Flashcards

1
Q

what makes up the alveolar bone proper

A

cribriform plate or bundle bone

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2
Q

what is the cribriform plate formed as a result of

A

attachment of the PDL fibers and passage of vessels and nerves into and out of the PDL

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3
Q

what does the term bundle bone refers to

A

bone in which sharpeys fibers are embedded

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4
Q

what is woven bone

A

immature/newly formed bone in which the collagen fiber matrix is randomly oriented
-newly formed bone

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5
Q

describe woven bone in comparison to mature bone

A

-has more cells per unit area
-contains a greater volume of non-collagenous protein
-forms more rapidly than mature bone

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6
Q

what is lamellar bone

A

mature/secondarily formed bone. can be classified as spongy/cancellous and compact/cortical

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7
Q

what is spongiosa/cancellous bone

A

trabecular bone that lies between the cortical plates and within the marrow spaces

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8
Q

describe cancellous bone

A

-trabeculae lined with osteoblasts
-random orientation of collagen fibers
- facial and lingual cortical plates: made of lamellar bone, haversian bone, or interstitial bone

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9
Q

what is the compostion of bone

A

-67% inorganic (calcium hydroxyapatite)
- 33% organic (28% collagen and 5% proteins (osteocalcin, sialoprotein, osteonectin, BMP) )

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10
Q

what is osteoid

A

bone matrix formed by osteoblasts (5-10 um increments)

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11
Q

what do osteoblasts do

A

make bone

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12
Q

what do osteoclasts do

A

remove bone

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13
Q

what do osteocytes do

A

osteoblasts that have been entrapped by its own osteoid matrix

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14
Q

what do bone lining cells do

A

flattened inactive osteoblasts that line trabecular bone. protect bony surface from osteoclast activity

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15
Q

what do chondroblasts do

A

lay down cartilage

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16
Q

what do condrocytes do

A

remove cartilage

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17
Q

what do mesenchymal cells do

A

undifferentiated cells

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18
Q

what do canaliculi do

A

allow osteoblasts and osteoclasts to communicate with outside environment
-mechanoreception properties

19
Q

where do canaliculi radiate

A

all directions
-processes of the osteocytes travel within the canaliculi and connect to other osteocytes/osteoblasts allowing cell to cell communication

20
Q

what is the periosteum

A

a dense connective tissue bound to bone by sharpeys fibers that contain blood vessels, nerves and three cell layers

21
Q

what are the 3 cell layers in the periosteum and what makes up each

A

-peripheral cell layer of fibroblasts
- intermediate cell layer of undifferentiated mesenchymal cells
-proximal layer of osteoblasts

22
Q

what is the endosteum

A

lines the medullary cavity and cancellous bone
-same composition as periosteum but significantly thinner

23
Q

what are the collagen proteins associated with bone and where are they located

A
  • type 1: fibrillar, located everywhere
  • type 2: fibrillar: primarily a cartilage protein found in endochondral bone formation
    -type 3: fibrillar, granulation and mesenchymal tissues found in healing tissues
  • type 5:fibrillar, stromal connective tissues. promotes cellular attachment and migration
    type 10: growth plate, facilitates conversion of cartilage -> bone
24
Q

what are the non-collagenous proteins associated with bone

A

osteonectin, osteopontin, osteocalcin, BMP and others

25
Q

what are non collagenous proteins characterized by

A

-highly acidic nature
-high aggregation tendencies
- calcium binding properties

26
Q

what does bone formation consist of

A
  1. in-situ remodeling
  2. intramembranous bone formation
  3. endochondral bone formation
27
Q

what is in-situ remodeling

A

osteoclastic resorption and bone replacement by osteoblast activity

28
Q

where is in situ remodeling seen

A

in alveolar bone affected by orthodontics

29
Q

what happens in intramembranous bone formation

A

-bone formation within or between CT membranes consisting of type 1 collagen
-found in the inner spongy layers of bone
-extremely rapid and disorganized method of bone deposition
-osteoblasts secrete matrix vesicles that mineralize surrounding collagen fibers. the osteoblasts become trapped and become osteocytes

30
Q

what do matrix vesicles in intramembranous bone formation contain

A

pryophosphate, alkaline phosphatase, glycoproteins, phosphoproteins, phospholipids

31
Q

what does alkaline phosphatase do

A

helps mineralize collagen

32
Q

what is endochondral bone formation

A

-bone formation within hyaline cartilage that involves a concomitant replacement of the cartilage framework by bone

33
Q

where is endochondral bone formation found

A

in vertebrae, long bones, base of the skull, and head of mandible

34
Q

what is the process of endochondral bone formation

A

-mesenchymal cells create a general outline/shape of what the final bone will look like
- cells differentiate into chondroblasts which increase in size, secrete collagen and mineralize it with matrix vesicles
-vascular tissue from surrounding perichondrium invades cartilage, allowing chondrocytes chondroclasts and mesenchymal cells to enter the area
- chondroclasts eat away the cartilage and newly differentiates osteoblasts deposit osteoid into the cartilage
- osteoid is mineralized by osteocytes and bone is made

35
Q

what is endochondral growth of bones dependent on

A

the growth of the cartilage and stops once the cartilage has been completely removed

36
Q

what are the zones of cellular activity and what happens in each

A

-reserve or resting chondrocytes: hyaline cartilage rests
- proliferation: collagen starts to form
- maturation: less division of cells but chondrocytes are increasing in size
- hypertrophy and calcification: where areas become evaluated
-cartilage degeneration: chondrocytes die
- osteogenesis: osteoblasts come in with capillaries. osteoblasts differentiate and bone formation occurs

37
Q

what is bone metabolism controlled by locally and systemically

A

systemically by hormones and locally by mechanical factors, growth factors, and cytokines

38
Q

how are hormones important to bone metabolism and which hormones

A

affect absorption both directly and indirectly, can cause absoprtion or formation depending on concentration and interactions with each other
- PTH, Vit D3, calcitonin, estrogen and glucocorticoids

39
Q

what do cytokines and growth factors do and which are involved

A

cause osteoblasts to stimulate formation of osteoclasts and indirectly cause bone resorption
-IL-1,IL-6,BMP-2, BMP-7, TRF, IGF, FGF, PDGF

40
Q

what does IL6 do

A

promote differentation of osteoblasts

41
Q

how does osteoclastic resorption work

A

decreases pH to demineralize hydroxyapatite and enzymes such as lactic acid, citric acid, H+, acid phosphatase, aryl sulfatase, collagenase, and gelatinase degrade the bone matrix

42
Q

what is the resorption reaction

A

CO2 + H2O -> HCO3- + H+

43
Q

describe the resorption reaction

A

-carbon dioxide and water are catalyzed by carbonic anhydrase resulting in bicarbonate and free protons
- bicarbonate gets removed and free protons are there to help demineralize and break down the bone

Histopathology (14 decks)

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