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Histopathology > Oral Mucous Membranes and Related Pathology > Flashcards

Oral Mucous Membranes and Related Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the functions of mucous membranes

A

-absorption
-excretion
- protection

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2
Q

what are the 3 types of mucosa and describe each

A

-masticatory mucosa: keratinized
- lining mucosa:non-keratinized, thinner
- specialized mucosa: contains taste buds

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3
Q

where is masticatory mucosa located

A

gingiva and hard palate

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4
Q

where is lining mucosa located

A

-alveolar mucosa
-buccal mucosa
-floor of mouth
-ventral surface of tongue
- soft palate

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5
Q

what does the mucogingival junction separate

A

attached and unattached gingiva

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6
Q

where is the lining mucosa located in relation to the MGJ

A

above

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7
Q

where is the masticatory mucosa located in relation to the MGJ

A

below it

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8
Q

what is the free gingival groove

A

marked delineation between sulcular and junctional epithelium

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9
Q

what is the junctional epithelium

A

remnant of reduced enamel epithelium, base of pocket, typically from free gingival groove to tip of alveolar bone

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10
Q

what are you measuring when you measure pocket depth

A

depth of the sulcular epithelium, when probe hits bottom it hits top of junctional epithelium

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11
Q

where is submucosa found

A

in areas where you need salivary glands or fat layers

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12
Q

if theres no submucosa what do you see instead

A

mucoperiosteum

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13
Q

what is the mucoperiosteum

A

a periosteum with a mucosal surface with the periosteum of bone to form an apparent single layer

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14
Q

what are the zones that make up the submucosa of the hard palate

A

-gingival zone: attached gingiva
-fatty zone
- glandular zone: posterior, contains minor salivary glands

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15
Q

what are the epithelial layers from superficial-> deep

A

-stratum corneum: keratin layer
- stratum granulosum: granular cell layer
-stratum spinosum: spinous cell layer
- stratum basale: basal cell layer

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16
Q

describe the stratum corneum

A

cells are completely flat with no organelles, they are sacs of keratin proteinaceous mixture. high turnover rate, tend to exfoliate very easily

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17
Q

describe the stratum granulosum

A

flattened layer containing dense, dark granules. reduced but present organelles. contain keratohyaline granules

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18
Q

describe the stratum spinosum

A

characterized by round/ovoid cells. point of which desmosomes start to form

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19
Q

describe the stratum basale

A

single celled (cuboidal) layer near the bottom. these cells replicate and make cells for all of the other cell layers

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20
Q

what do epithelial rete pegs and connective tissue papilla do

A

aid in attachment in skin to the connective tissue layer

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21
Q

where are epithelial rete pegs located

A

they come down from the top

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22
Q

where are connective tissue papilla located

A

come up from the bottom

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23
Q

describe the characterisitics of epithelium

A

-rests on basement membrane
- exhibits one or more specialized intercellular attachments
-avascular
-cells are packed together
-may have polarity

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24
Q

what do epithelium receive all of their nutrients from since it is avascular

A

dermal connective tissue layer below the skin via diffusion

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25
Q

what are the variations of stratum corneum determined by

A

the way nuclei are organized or the way keratin is formed to determine the type of keratin present

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26
Q

what is orthokeratosis

A

refers to normal keratin formation with clinically normal presentation

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27
Q

what is parakeratosis

A

presence/retention of pyknotic nuclei in stratum corneum

28
Q

what is hyperkeratosis

A

abnormal thickening of the stratum corneum. may exhibit abberant patterns of keratization

29
Q

what is dyskeratosis

A

abnormal keratization below the level of stratum corneum (within stratum granulosum and/or stratum spinosum

30
Q

what is gingival dyskeratosis

A

characterized by keratin pearls (below stratum corneum). these are pathognomic for sqaumous cell carcinoma

31
Q

what are abnormalities related to the epithelial layer

A

-acanthosis
- acantholysis
- dysplasia
-leukoplakia
- inflammatory periodontal disease

32
Q

what is acanthosis and where is it seen

A

hyperplasia of the epithelial layer (increase in cell number). typically seen in hands and feet

33
Q

what is acantholysis

A

loss of intercellular attachments (desmosomes) between epithelial cells

34
Q

what is metaplasia

A

a reversible change in which one adult cell type is replaced by another

35
Q

what is dysplasia

A

a disorderly but non-neoplastic growth of tissue including the epithelial layer. characterized by pleomorphism, hyperchromatism, and loss of normal special orientation

36
Q

what is leukoplakia

A

thickened epithelial layer. turns white when keratin gets wet

37
Q

what happens to epithelium in periodontal disease

A

-calculus and susceptibility of hosts causes attachment loss
-results in apical migration of junctional epithelium

38
Q

describe the location, morphology, and function of melanocytes

A

-located in basal cell layer
- dendritic morphology
-function: synthesis of melanin pigment granules

39
Q

describe the location, morphology, and function of langerhans cells

A

-located in stratum spinosum
- dendritic morphology
-function: antigen trap in epithelium and transfers antigen infromation to CD4 lymphocytes

40
Q

describe the location, morphology, and function of merkel’s cells

A

-located in basal cell layer
- rounded morphology and contain dense core granules
- function: unknown but something to do with tactile sensation of skin

41
Q

describe the location, morphology and function of lymphocytes

A

-located in basal and spinous celll layers
- rounded morpholoy
- function: associated with immune and inflammatory responses. immune surveillance and antigen message processing. inflammation: both humoral and cellular response

42
Q

what does the basement membrane consist of

A

basal lamina (made of lamina lucida and densa) and lamina reticularis (connective tissue)
-multiple layers of collagen that helps adhere CT to epidermal layer
-hemidesmosomes locking/connecting it to the basement membrane

43
Q

what does lamina lucida in the basement membrane contain

A

-bullous pemphigoid antigen and type VII collagen
-Kalinin, K-laminin, entactin, epiligrin, BMG-1 and classic laminin

44
Q

what does lamina densa in the basement membrane contain

A

-type IV collagen and type VII collagen
- fibronectin, integrins, BMG-1, and classic laminin

45
Q

what does lamina reticularis in the basement membrane contain

A

-reticulin CT
- type 1 and type 2 collagen and elastin

46
Q

what does the cytoplasm of the cell contain

A

-intermediate filaments or tonofilaments
-actin
-myosin
-talin
-vinculin

47
Q

what do hemidesmosomes contain

A

-bullous pemphigoid antigen 1 and 2
-cadherins
-syndecans
- integrin alpha6 and beta4

48
Q

what do cellular attachments do with trauma

A

work together to dissipate forces and help to absorb trauma and keep things from falling apart

49
Q

what is common with cellular attachments in response to inflammation

A

loss of them

50
Q

what are desmosomes

A

circular areas of attachment between cells. have tonofilaments that hook two cells together

51
Q

what protein components in desmosomes help with adhesion

A

E-cadherin, P-cadherin, plakoglobin, periplakin, evoplakin, desmoplakin I and II

52
Q

what are cadherins and wherre are they found

A

located in between desmosomes. they are a sticky protein that functions in allowing for communication to occur between cells

53
Q

where are hemidesmosomes found and what are they

A

found along basement membrane. semi-circular areas that contain tonofilaments that attach cell down to basement membrane

54
Q

what is a tight junction

A

area of two cells pressed together so tightly that there is a seal

55
Q

what is a gap junction

A

small spaces in between the cells that allow for electrical communication

56
Q

what are the permanent resident cell populations within lamina propria

A

-fibroblasts
-histocyte
-monocyte
-macrophage
- mast cell
- plasma cell
- endothelial cells

57
Q

what do fibroblasts do

A

secrete collagen and elastin

58
Q

what are histocytes

A

resident precursors of functional macrophages

59
Q

what are monocytes

A

blood borne precursor of functional macrophage
-monocyte -> histocyte -> macrophage

60
Q

what is a macrophage

A

phagocytic cell capable of antigen processing

61
Q

what is a mast cell

A

secretes inflammatory mediators

62
Q

what is a plasma cell

A

synthesis of immunoglobulins

63
Q

what do endothelial cells line

A

blood and lymphatic vessels

64
Q

what are the transient cell populations within lamina propria

A

neutrophil and lymphocyte

65
Q

what are neutrophils

A

phagocytic cell capable of neutralizing antigens and killing bacteria

66
Q

what are lymphocytes

A

humoral and cell-mediated immune response

Histopathology (14 decks)

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