Saliva and caries development Flashcards
saliva helps maintenance of environment rich in what 2 things
Ca2+ and PO4(3-)
how much saliva usually (and how much in the mouth)
0.5-1.0 L
0.8-1.2mL
saliva film thickness
70-100 um
movement speed of saliva
1-8mm/min
extrinsic (major) account for how much secreted saliva on stimulation/ amount of saliva formed
what is it for intrinsic (minor)
90% for extrinsic (major)
10% for intrinsic (minor)
what are the extrinsic (major) glands
parotid gland
submandibular gland
sublingual gland
what are the extrinsic (major) glands
parotid gland
submandibular gland
sublingual gland
what are the intrinsic (minor) glands and do they have ducts
buccal glands
labial glands
palatine glands
no ducts
parotid gland serous or mucous and what duct
(serous)
stensen’s duct (up to tooth 2/15)
submandibular gland serous or mucous and what duct
(mixed)
wharton’s duct
sublingual gland mucous or serous and what duct
(mucous)
ducts of rivinus
what makes up serous cells
zymogen granules (precursors of amylase)
mostly protein and water
small amounts of carbs
what makes up mucous cells
mucin (glycoprotein) when mixed w water forms mucous
high in carbohydrates
saliva secretion is regulated by what system
autonomous nervous system
parasympathetic stimulation for saliva
water and electrolyte rich saliva
sympathetic stimulation
viscous and proline rich saliva
parotoid gland
submandibular and sublingual gland
CN IX, glossopharyngeal nerve
CN IIV, facial nerve
is isotonic saliva primary or secondary
is hypotonic saliva primary or secondary
isotonic - primary
hypotonic - secondary
secondary secretion what is present and what goes back in the cell
Cl- and Na+ go back in the cell
high levels of H2O, K+, HCO3-
pellicle positively charged or negatively and what element
+ charged ionic outer layer (Ca2+)
pellicle attracts what type of proteins
salivary proteins (-) charged
pellicle made of what proteins that prevent demineralization
MUC5B, Proline rich proteins, Statherin
pellicle how thick
1 um
pellicle reservoir for what
Ca2+ and PO4(3-)
what does statherin do and promote
from what gland
inhibits secondary precipitation and promotes adhesion of actinomyces viscous and streptococcus gordonii to tooth surfaces
calcium binding protein from parotid and submandibular gland
saliva how much solid vs water and how much bacteria
1% solid
99% water
10^8 / ml
what electrolytes are in saliva
Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3-
what minerals are in saliva
Ca2+, PO4(3-), CO(2-), F-
what proteins are in saliva
Histatin & statherin, PRP, immunoglobulins (Igs), mucin glycoprotein
what does lysozyme do (muramidase protein and cationic protein function)
what glands are they from
breaks down bacterial cell wall of gram + bacteria (muramidase activity)
cationic protein - activate bacterial autolysins
from both glands
lactoferrin type of protein function and category and what type of cells and glands does it secrete from
iron-binding glycoprotein
secreted from serous cells of major and minor salivary glands
sequesters (remove) iron that is required for bacterial growth
antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal
peroxidase antimicrobial component and the 2 types
hypothiocyanite
salivary gland derived peroxidase
leucocyte derived myeloperoxidase
antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal
cystatins contain what and do what
cysteine-containing phosphoproteins
inhibits bacterial PROTEASES
cystatins S binds to hydroxyapatite - PREVENTS PRECIPITATION of Ca2+ and PO4(3-)
antibacterial and antiviral
histatin from what glands
antibacterial peptide from parotid and submandibular gland
histatin 5 and histatin 1&2 do what
5 - kills CANDIDA ALBICANS, regulates immune repsonse
1&2 - increases wound healing
what do agglutinins do
glycoproteins that CLUMP UNATTACHED BACTERIA (increases clearance of bacteria)
in saliva is there more IgA or IgG
more IgA in saliva
what does IgA do
prevents bacterial adherence to mucous membranes
high levels of S. mutans means increased levels of IgA or IgG
increased levels of IgA
alpha-amaylase (digestion) is what type of cell and what glands and breaks down long-chain carbs into what
serous cells in parotid and submandibular glands
breaks down carbs into maltose, maltotriose, and dextrins
stephan’s curve shows what
buffering activity of saliva throughout day and pH
bicarbonate buffer system excreted at higher or lower flow rates/stimulated saliva
what pH range
higher flow rates
pH 5-7
phosphate buffer system [ ] increases or decreases w increasing flow
what pH range
decreases w increasing flow
pH 6-8
protein buffer system what pH and what is the main buffering protein
below and above isoelectric point does what to protons
Sialin
<pH5
below - accepts H+
above - releases H+
what prevents precipitation
statherin and PRP
critical pH of hydroxyapatite, fluoroapatite, dentin/cementum
hydroxyapatite - 5.5
fluoroapatite - 4.5
cementum/dentin - 6.2
is there high or low [ ] of fluoride excreted in saliva
low [ ]
how much % of calcium is bound to proteins
20%
80% ionized or nonionized
what 3 things helps w remineralization activity of saliva
calcium, phosphate, fluoride
what is normal flow rate for resting and stimulated flow
resting - 0.3-0.4 mL/min
stimulated - 1-2 mL/min
what is hyposalivation rates for resting and stimulated flow
resting - <0.1 mL/min
stimulated - <0.5 mL/min
the challacombe scale is index for what and what is the scale for mild, moderate and severe
dry mouth
mild 1-3
moderate 4-6
severe 7-10
