Sadness Flashcards
What are the two main types of affective or mood disorders?
- Unipolar depression
- Bipolar depression
What % of people will experience a severe depressive episode?
15%
What rate of women will experience a severe depressive episode compared to that of men?
Twice as many as women
Thats the recovery and reoccurrence rate?
2/3
6 months
What are symptoms of unipolar depression?
Intense sadness, dejection, empty, loss of motivation, self blame, feeling of hopelessness
What % of unipolar depressed people commit suicide?
7 - 15%
What % of unipolar depressed people commit suicide?
7 - 15%
How long does a major depressive episode last?
2 weeks
What is SAD?
Seasonal Affective Disorder - depressed in winter
What is Catatonic?
Motor immobility/excessive motor activity
What is Catatonic?
Motor immobility/excessive motor activity
When does postpartum depression occur?
4 weeks of giving birth
What is Melancholic?
When a person is totally unaffected by pleasurable events, suffered significant motor disturbances, experiences loss of sleep and appetite and feels excessive guilt
What is Dysthymia?
Fewer than 5 symptoms for at least 2 years
What is the recovery rate from Dysthymia?
40%
What does Beck’s cognitive view suggest about what lies at the heart o unipolar depression?
Maladaptive attitudes, errors in thinking automatic thoughts
What does the cognitive triad consist of?
A negative interoperation of one’s experiences oneself and ones future
Where does Beck’s cognitive model believe that all of the emotional, motivation and behavioural aspects of depression follow?
Cognitive processes
What % of people that have close relatives who are depressed, become depressed themselves?
20%
What are the chances of someone in the general public being depressed?
5%
What is the % change of a monozygotic twin being depressed if the other one is?
43%
What is the % of change of a dizygotic twin being depressed if the other one is?
20%
When were amphetamines prescribed to treat depression?
1950s
What is now used to treat depression?
MAO inhibitors, which prevents the destruction of norepinephrine/serotonin
What is now used to treat depression?
MAO inhibitors, which prevents the destruction of norepinephrine/serotonin
What do MAO inhibitors block?
MAO production in the liver & intestine, so patients have to restrict their consumption of certain foods
What do MAO inhibitors block?
MAO production in the liver & intestine, so patients have to restrict their consumption of certain foods
What is the % chance of a relapse to depression within 6 - 12 months?
40 - 50%
What is the % change of a relapse to depression if drugs are take for several moths after the depressive symptoms disappear?
20%
What is the % change of a relapse to depression if drugs are take for several moths after the depressive symptoms disappear?
20%
What are some side `affects of tricyclics?
Dry mouth, dizziness and blurred vision
MAO initiators are most affective for patients with what tendencies?
Overeating, oversleeping, intense anxiety
Tricyclics are most effective with?
Slowing of movement, loss of appetite and insomnia
Whats the most effective anti-depression dug?
ECT, but relapse level high if not followed with medication
What is ECT reserved for?
Only the most severe depression
What is ECT reserved for?
Only the most severe depression
How can unipolar depression be treated asides drugs?
- Cognitive, interpersonal, behavioural and biological approaches
What are the most effective non-drug therapies for depression?
- Cognitive
- Interpersonal
- Biological
All of these eliminate depressive symptoms in 50-60% patients after 16 weeks
What is bipolar characterised by?
Exaggerated feelings of joy and well-being, immoderate activity, and expansive emotions but also irritability, anger and annoyance
What do manic persons display?
Poor judgement, planning, grandiose self-esteem, very little sleep, yet wide awake and energetic
What do manic persons display?
Poor judgement, planning, grandiose self-esteem, very little sleep, yet wide awake and energetic
What is the definition of a manic episode?
A manic episode is abnormally elevated, expansive or irritable mood accompanied by at least three other symptoms for at least one week
What is a hypomanic episode?
Less severe, is of a shorter duration and it displays fewer symptoms than a manic episode
What is bipolar I?
Depressive and manic episodes usually alternate but some people experience mixed episodes of both manic and depressive semitone in the same day
What is bipolar II?
Where hypomanic episodes alternate with major depressive episodes
What is rapid cycling classified as?
When a patient experience the four of more episodes of mood disturbances within a year
Which is more common bipolar I or II?
Bipolar I
Which is more common bipolar I or II?
Bipolar I
What is the psychodynamic view on the bipolar disorder?
The depressed reactions r introjected of a loss object and manic reactions flow from the denial of the loss of a loved one
Mania is associated with a low level of?
Serotonin
What is a “Permissive theory”?
Suggests that low serotonin activity sets the stage for a mood disorder and norepinephrine activity defines the particular form it takes
What % do close relative of a person with a bipolar disorder have a chance of developing them same disorder
25%
What is the % of a identical twin getting bipolar if the other twin has it?
70%
What is the % of a non-identical twin getting bipolar if the other one has it?
20%
What is the % of a non-identical twin getting bipolar if the other one has it?
20%
What is bipolar said to be linked to?
red-green colour blindness
Is suicide a DSM-V mental disorder?
No
What is suicide?
Intentional, direct and conscious effort to end one’s life
What types of jobs are likely to lead to suicide?
Psychiatrists, psychologists, physicians, dentists, lawyers and unskilled labourers
What % of suicided are legally intoxicated before their time of death?
20%
Who commits suicide more? Males or females?
Males commit 3x more than females
What age is the most common to commit suicide?
Older white men, though younger people are increasing
How many suiciders have previously attempted?
18-38%
Is suicide in children common?
No, relatively rare
What % of children that live with one parent have made a previous attempt at suicide?
25%
What % of children that live with one parent have made a previous attempt at suicide?
25%
What % of adolescents that do not succeed in killing themselves try again?
40%
14% succeed
What % of adolescence know someone that has attempted suicide?
93%
A major depressive episode is often characterized by “anhedonia.” This means that the individual:
Gets no pleasure from life
How does Prozac work?
By blocking serotonin reuptake
How does Prozac work?
By blocking serotonin re-uptake
How does Prozac work?
By blocking serotonin re-uptake
You’re more likely to become depressed if your stressors multiply and if..
..you’re isolated
How many people report a negative event prior to the onset of unipolar?
30%
What is thought causes unipolar?
Deficiency of either norepinephrine or serotonin, or both
What are MAO inhibitors used for?
To prevent the destruction of norepinephrine/serotonin
Tricyclic is effective with what .. and is used more than what..
Effective with unipolar patterns and are more commonly used than MAO inhibitors
