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Spinal Anatomy I - Exam 2 > Sacrum > Flashcards

Sacrum Flashcards

1
Q

What is the typical number of segments that unite to form the adult sacrum?

A

5

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2
Q

What is the generic size of the first sacral vertebral body from the base view?

A

transversely broad

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3
Q

What is the generic shape of the first sacral vertebral body from the base view?

A

reniform or kidney-shaped

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4
Q

What characteristics of S1 vertebral body and pedicle are similar to L5?

A
  • On base view, the S1 TVP and costal element originate from the vertebral body, pedicle, and lamina-pedicle junction to form the sacral ala.
  • In addition, the vertebral body of S1 is more wedge-shaped on lateral view with a much greater anterior height than posterior height.
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5
Q

How many synovial joint surfaces are present at the S1 vertebral body?

A

none

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6
Q

What is the outline of the S1 vertebral foramen and the sacral spinal canal from the base view?

A

triangular

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7
Q

Which is the greatest diameter of the vertebral foramen of the sacrum?

A

transverse

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8
Q

What part of the PNS is present in the S1 vertebral foramen?

A

cauda equina

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9
Q

What forms the sacral ala?

A
  • costal element: anterior 2/3

- true transverse process: posterior 1/3

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10
Q

What is the joint classification for the spongy bone-intervertebral disc articulation?

A

cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis

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11
Q

What is the joint classification for the longitudinal lig. attachments?

A

fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis

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12
Q

How many fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint surfaces are present on the S1 vertebral body?

A

4

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13
Q

What fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint surfaces are present on the S1 vertebral body?

A
  • superior and inferior anterior longitudinal lig. attachment sites
  • superior and inferior posterior longitudinal lig. attachment sites
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14
Q

How many joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of S1?

A

5

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15
Q

How many cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis joint surfaces on present on the S1 vertebral body?

A

1

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16
Q

What muscle may attach to the S1 vertebral body?

A

psoas major

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17
Q

What is the orientation of the pedicle of S1?

A

primarily posterior

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18
Q

At what location on S1 vertebral body will the pedicle attach?

A

to the upper third or half of the vertebral body

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19
Q

What surface feature is located at the upper margin of the pedicle?

A

superior vertebral notch

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20
Q

Which spinal nerve will be accommodated on the superior vertebral notch of S1?

A

L5 spinal nerve

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21
Q

Which spinal nerve will be accommodated on the inferior vertebral notch of S1?

A

S1 spinal nerve

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22
Q

What is the reported angulation of the S1 articular facets?

A

they lie vertically in the coronal plane

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23
Q

What is the joint classification for the S1 zygapophysis?

A

synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)

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24
Q

How many zygapophyseal joints are present on the S1 vertebra?

A

2

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25
Q

What is the position of the sacral zygapophysis in children?

A

lies in the coronal plane

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26
Q

What is the position of the sacral zygapophysis in adults?

A

lies in the coronal plane for L5/S1

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27
Q

What is the orientation of the S1 superior articular facet?

A
  • backward, upward, medial (BUM)

- typically concave

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28
Q

What is the name given to the projection on the S1 superior articular process?

A

mammillary process

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29
Q

What muscles will attach to the sacral mammillary processes?

A

multifidis

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30
Q

From anterior view, the intervertebral discs of sacrum will be replaced by what feature?

A

transverse ridges

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31
Q

What is the name given to the openings that transmit the ventral sacral nerve rami?

A

anterior/ventral sacral foramina or ventral pelvic foramina

32
Q

What is the size relationship between ventral and dorsal sacral foramina?

A

ventral sacral foramina are larger

33
Q

What part of the sacral ala continues along the ventral surface of sacrum to about S4?

A

the costal element

34
Q

What is the name of the region of bone lateral to the vertebral body of S5?

A

true transverse process

35
Q

What constitutes the lateral mass of sacrum?

A

the bony region lateral to the ventral sacral foramina

36
Q

The ventral surface of sacrum is curved in what direction?

A

it is curved posteriorly and appears concave

37
Q

The dorsal surface of sacrum is curved in what direction?

A

it is curved posteriorly and appears convex

38
Q

An imaginary line drawn along the dorsal midline of sacrum is identified as what?

A

median sacral crest

39
Q

An imaginary line drawn from the superior articular process of S1 to the sacral cornu will form what feature??

A

intermediate sacral crest

40
Q

What muscles may attach to the spinous processes of sacrum?

A
  • latissimus dorsi
  • iliocostalis lumborum
  • longissimus thoracis
41
Q

What muscles may attach to the median sacral crest?

A
  • latissimus dorsi
  • iliocostalis lumborum
  • longissimus thoracis
42
Q

What features may be identified along the intermediate sacral crest?

A
  • mammillary process of S1

- sacral cornu of S5

43
Q

What does the sacral cornu represent?

A

the inferior articular process and facet of S5

44
Q

What is the name of the inferior opening of the sacral spinal canal?

A

sacral hiatus

45
Q

An imaginary line drawn from the TVP of S1 to the inferior lateral sacral angle will form what feature?

A

lateral sacral crest

46
Q

What features may be identified along the lateral sacral crest?

A
  • S1 transverse tubercle
  • sacral tuberosity of S2
  • transverse tubercles of S3, S4, and S5
47
Q

What is the sacral tuberosity?

A

the enlarged transverse tubercle of S2

48
Q

What is the name of the joint formed by the sacral tuberosity?

A

accessory sacro-iliac joint

49
Q

What feature is associated with the transverse tubercle of S5?

A

the inferior and lateral (inferolateral) sacral angle

50
Q

What muscles may attach to the TVPs of sacrum?

A
  • multifidis

- iliocostalis lumborum

51
Q

What muscles may attach to the lateral sacral crest?

A
  • multifidis

- iliocostalis lumborum

52
Q

What muscle is said to attach to the dorsal surface of sacrum?

53
Q

What feature is identified on the lateral surface of S1-S3?

A

auricular surface

54
Q

What bone articulates with the auricular surface of sacrum?

A

the ilium of the innominate bone

55
Q

What classification of joint is formed by the auricular surface of sacrum?

A

synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)

56
Q

What feature does the anterior surface of the superior epiphyseal rim of S1 form?

A

sacral promontory

57
Q

The continuation of the anterior longitudinal lig. below S3 forms what lig.?

A

the anterior sacrococcygeal lig.

58
Q

The continuation of the posterior longitudinal lig. below S3 forms what lig.?

A

the deep posterior sacrococcygeal lig.

59
Q

What lig. is attached to the sacral hiatus?

A

superficial posterior sacrococcygeal lig.

60
Q

What forms the apex of sacrum?

A

S5 vertebral body

61
Q

What synovial joint classification is present at sacrum?

A

synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)

62
Q

What synovial joint surfaces are present at sacrum?

A
  • two superior articular facets

- two auricular surfaces

63
Q

What joint classifications are typically present at sacrum?

A
  • fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
  • synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)
  • cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
64
Q

What forms the posterior boundary for the fifth sacral spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?

A
  • sacral cornu
  • coccygeal cornu
  • superficial posterior sacrococcygeal lig.
  • intervertebral disc
65
Q

What forms the anterior boundary for the fifth sacral spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?

A
  • vertebral body S5
  • vertebral body Co1
  • deep posterior sacrococcygeal lig.
  • intervertebral disc
66
Q

What is the homolog for the ligamentum flavum at S5?

A

superficial posterior sacrococcygeal lig.

67
Q

What forms the inferior boundary for the spinal canal?

A

the union of the superficial posterior and deep posterior sacrococcygeal lig.

68
Q

What lig. is formed by the union of the superficial posterior sacrococcygeal and deep posterior sacrococcygeal lig. at Co1?

A

posterior sacrococcygeal lig.

69
Q

What lig. is a homolog of the intertransverse lig. at S5?

A

lateral sacrococcygeal lig.

70
Q

What lig. divides the sciatic foramen into the greater and lesser sciatic foramina?

A

sacrospinous lig.

71
Q

Which lig. has a broad attachment along the lateral margin of sacrum and coccyx and then attaches to the ischial tuberosity?

A

sacrotuberous lig.

72
Q

What lig. represents a thickening of the fibrous capsule of the sacro-iliac joint?

A

anterior sacro-iliac lig.

73
Q

What lig. is the strongest of the sacro-iliac lig. and is penetrated by the dorsal rami of the sacral spinal nerves?

A

interosseous sacro-iliac lig.

74
Q

Which lig. will attach the intermediate sacral crest of S1, lateral sacral crest of S2 to the posterior superior iliac spine?

A

short posterior sacro-iliac lig.

75
Q

Which lig. attaches the lateral sacral crest of S3 and S4 to the posterior superior iliac spine?

A

long posterior sacro-iliac lig.

76
Q

What is the homolog for the superior articular process and facet at Co1?

A

coccygeal cornu

77
Q

What is the homolog for the capsular lig. at S5?

A

intercornual lig.

Spinal Anatomy I - Exam 2 (28 decks)

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