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sac 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the kinds of developmental changes

A

physical
social
cognitive
emotional

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2
Q

physical development

A

-changes in the body and its various systems such as development of the brain and its nervous system, bones, muscles

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3
Q

social development

A

involves changes in an individual’s relationship with other people and their skills in interacting with others. - close firendships

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4
Q

cognitive development

A

involves changes in an individuals mental abilities, such as reasoning, problem solving

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5
Q

emotional development

A

involes changes in how an individual experiences different feelings

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6
Q

stages of cognitive development

A

sensori-motor, pre-operational, concrete-operational, formal operational

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7
Q

sensori-motor

A

Birth - 2 years

differentiates self from objects (peak a boo)

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8
Q

pre-operational

A

2-7 years old

  • learns to use language and to represent objects by images and works
  • egocentric
  • classifys objects through one feature
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9
Q

formal operational

A

-starts to think logically

11- and up years old

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10
Q

infacy (0-1)

A

trust vs mistrust

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11
Q

toddlerhood (1-3)

A

autonomy vs shame and doubt

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12
Q

preschool (3-6)

A

Initiative vs guilt

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13
Q

elementary school (6-puberty)

A

industry vs inferiorty

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14
Q

Adolescence(teen to 20)

A

identity vs role confusion

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15
Q

young adulthood (20-40s)

A

intimacy vs isolation

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16
Q

middle adulthood (40s-60s)

A

Generativity vs stagnation

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17
Q

Late adulthood (60s-higher)

A

integrity vs despair

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18
Q

continuous development

A

gradual and ongoing changes without sudden shifts

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19
Q

discontinuous development

A

in distinct and separate stages

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20
Q

quantitative change

A

variations in the quantity or amount. expressed in numbers

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21
Q

qualitative change

A

changes in quality, kind or type

22
Q

heredity

A

involves the transimission of characteristics from biological parents to offspring

23
Q

environment

A

refers to all experiences, objects and events which one is exposed to throughout their life

24
Q

maturation

A

refers to the orderly way development changes which occurs in the nervous system and other bodily structures

25
Q

principle of readiness

A

states that unless the bodily structures for example muscles, bones, nerves or other areas are mature then no amount of practice will produce the particulat action

26
Q

sensitive periods of development

A

-times of rapid change when individuals seem to be more vulnerable to influences from their environment

27
Q

critical periods

A

specific periods in development during an organism, more vulnerable to the deprivation or absence of certain experiences

28
Q

identical twins

A

monozygotic

single egg splits, results in genetically identical

29
Q

fraternal twins

A

dizygotic

two eggs are fertilized. not genetically identical

30
Q

iq is related to

A

heredity

31
Q

emtional development

A

children that spent early years in an orphanages experienced little care and attention = emotional difficulties in later years in adulthood

32
Q

attachment

A

between 6 and 8 months dramatic departure from the earlier pattern
special attachement to caregiver

33
Q

attachment theory

A

humans infants need a secure relationship with adult for healthy emotional and social development to occur

34
Q

insecure aviodant attachment

A
  • plays with stranger
  • doesnt care if mother is there or not
  • no interest when mum comes back
  • aviods her
35
Q

secure attachment

A

indifferent to stranger, upset when mum leaves, happy when returns, easily calmed

36
Q

insecure resistant attachment

A
  • fear of stranger
  • very distressed
  • wants conformt but may resist comfort
37
Q

benefits of adoption studies

A

Psychologists can study the similarities and differences between the child and their biological
versus adopted parents to see to what extent genetic and their environment has had on their
development.

38
Q

types of development

A

observable: physical development

not directly observable: types of development changes

39
Q

jean piaget

A

changed the dominant view on the development of cognitive abilities in children

40
Q

adaptation

A

taking in, processing organizing and using new information in ways which enable us to adjust to changes in our environment

41
Q

adaptation

A

assimilation

accommodation

42
Q

assimilation

A

using existing information and fitting it into and making it part of an existing mental idea

43
Q

accommodation

A

changing an existing idea to fit new information

44
Q

egocentrisim

A

unability tosee things from another person’s perpective

45
Q

animism

A

belief that everything has a conscious awareness

46
Q

transformation

A

understanding that something can change from one state to another

47
Q

centration

A

ability to focus on only one quality or feature of an object

48
Q

reversibility

A

is the ability to follow a line of reasoning back to a point

49
Q

symbolic thinking

A

increasing ability to use symbols such as words and pictures to represent object, places and events.

50
Q

concrete operational

A

7-11 can think logically about objects and events

psychology (12 decks)

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