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psychology > Chapter 6 memory > Flashcards

Chapter 6 memory Flashcards

1
Q

what is memory e,s,r

A

memory is an active process system that encodes, stores and recovers information when required

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2
Q

encoding

A

converting information into a usable form of storage

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3
Q

storage

A

retaining information overtime

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4
Q

retrieval

A

accessing previously stored information to use

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5
Q

atkinson-shiffrin model S _ STM _ LTM

A

incoming sensory information is held in sensory memory (exact)

attention: moves to short term memory (consicous)

encoding to long term memory
retrieval moves back to short term

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6
Q

sensory memory

A

duration 0.2-0.4 seconds

unlimited capacity

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7
Q

short term memory

A

18-30 seconds

5-9 capacity

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8
Q

long term memory

A

unlimited duration
unlimited capacity
-takes about 30 minutes to consolidate information

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9
Q

visual information stored in

A

iconic memory

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10
Q

auditory information stored in

A

echoic memory

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11
Q

george sperling

A

supported unlimited capacity of iconic memory through the use of a tachistoscope to flash visual stimulus for a brief period of time

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12
Q

echoic memory

A

duration 3-4 seconds

unlimited capacity

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13
Q

increase/decrease short term memory

A 
increase = rehersal
decrease = chunking
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14
Q

rehearsal

A

maintenance rehersal

elaborative rehersal

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15
Q

maintenance rehersal

A

simple repetition of information to help retain

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16
Q

elaborative rehersal

A

adding meaning to information/linking to information previously stored in ltm

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17
Q

chunking

A

grouping individuals items into small chunks or units to increase capacity of stm

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18
Q

long term memory types

A

procedural memory

declarative memory

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19
Q

procedural memory

A

knowing how

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20
Q

declarative memory 2 types

A

knowing that
semantic memory: academic facts
Episodic Memory:
autobiography events/ personal

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21
Q

semantic network theory

A

organisation of LTM is an interconnected grid of concepts

  • inter related
  • stronger the link, stronger the memory
  • more links to memory, stronger it is
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22
Q

explict memories

A

-require conscious effot
semantic and episodic
-declaritive

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23
Q

implicit memories

A
  • formed unconsiously
  • procedural
  • encoded in the cerebellum
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24
Q

hippocampus

A

encodes explict (declarative) memories

25
amygdala
retrives explict declarative memories (emotionally dirven)
26
implicit memories stored where
cerebellum encodes implicit memories
27
cerebral cortex foptb
frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, brainstem
28
chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)
- loss of memory - impaired judgement - dementia
29
neurodegenerative diseases
-term for disease that affects neurons in brain -types dementia, parkinsons disease, alzheimers
30
alzheimer's disease
neurodegenerative - loss of neurons in hippocampus area - causes memory loss and personality change
31
alzheimer's cause p n c i
- plaques (protein deposits) - neurofibirillary tangles - cortical shrinkage - imbalance of neurotranismitter called acetycholine
32
alzheimer's symptoms
- memory loss, declarative memories - personality change - repition - confusion and disorientation
33
amnesia 2 types
- anterograde amnesia - -cant form new memories - -cant encode - retrograde amnesia - -cant retrive old memories - -cant retrive in model
34
anterograde amnesia
- damage to hippocampus - caused from brain trama - less likely to recover
35
forgetting
inability to recall stored information | -hermann ebbinghaus
36
40% of information
is lost within 20 minutesl
37
how to encode better 3
meaningful connect to existing information -be active in the process
38
mnemonic devies 3
narrative chaining: make a story acronyms: s.d.d.d acrostivs, first letter is made into a sentence
39
how to retrive better
- retrace steps, memory triggers - visualize - related information - cues
40
context dependant cues
place/settings act as a retrival cue
41
state dependant cues
physiological or psychological condtion in which the memory was made
42
information least likely to forget
- emotional memories - lots of links - frequently used links - mpre meaningful - sequence
43
serial position effect
superior recall for words at the start and end of a list
44
primacy effect
first words heard, on the way to ltm
45
recency effect
still in stm so easier to recall
46
delayed serial position effect
primacy effect occurs but not the recency effect
47
measures of retention 4rs
- recall - recognition - relearning - reconstruction
48
recall
reproducing information | -little to no cues
49
free recall
no clues
50
cued recall
given a cue
51
serial recall
reproducing information in an order or sequence
52
recognition
selecting the correct alternative from lists
53
relearning
learning information that has been learnt. | assessing the amount of information retained from original learning
54
savings score
amount of time/trials for original learning - amount of time/trials for relearning over amount of time/trials for original learning
55
reconstruction
rearranging the parts of an original task in order
56
nature of memory
memory is fallible - subject to personal interpretation - stored in way that makes the most sense
57
leading questions
-leads a question that prompts an individual in a particular way
58
elizabeth loftus
- speed of car - participants asked dependant on the word - estimated speed - contacted,hit,bumped into, collided with, smashed into

psychology (12 decks)

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