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psychology > Chapter 6 memory > Flashcards

Chapter 6 memory Flashcards

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1
Q

what is memory e,s,r

A

memory is an active process system that encodes, stores and recovers information when required

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2
Q

encoding

A

converting information into a usable form of storage

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3
Q

storage

A

retaining information overtime

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4
Q

retrieval

A

accessing previously stored information to use

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5
Q

atkinson-shiffrin model S _ STM _ LTM

A

incoming sensory information is held in sensory memory (exact)

attention: moves to short term memory (consicous)

encoding to long term memory
retrieval moves back to short term

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6
Q

sensory memory

A

duration 0.2-0.4 seconds

unlimited capacity

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7
Q

short term memory

A

18-30 seconds

5-9 capacity

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8
Q

long term memory

A

unlimited duration
unlimited capacity
-takes about 30 minutes to consolidate information

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9
Q

visual information stored in

A

iconic memory

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10
Q

auditory information stored in

A

echoic memory

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11
Q

george sperling

A

supported unlimited capacity of iconic memory through the use of a tachistoscope to flash visual stimulus for a brief period of time

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12
Q

echoic memory

A

duration 3-4 seconds

unlimited capacity

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13
Q

increase/decrease short term memory

A 
increase = rehersal
decrease = chunking
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14
Q

rehearsal

A

maintenance rehersal

elaborative rehersal

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15
Q

maintenance rehersal

A

simple repetition of information to help retain

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16
Q

elaborative rehersal

A

adding meaning to information/linking to information previously stored in ltm

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17
Q

chunking

A

grouping individuals items into small chunks or units to increase capacity of stm

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18
Q

long term memory types

A

procedural memory

declarative memory

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19
Q

procedural memory

A

knowing how

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20
Q

declarative memory 2 types

A

knowing that
semantic memory: academic facts
Episodic Memory:
autobiography events/ personal

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21
Q

semantic network theory

A

organisation of LTM is an interconnected grid of concepts

  • inter related
  • stronger the link, stronger the memory
  • more links to memory, stronger it is
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22
Q

explict memories

A

-require conscious effot
semantic and episodic
-declaritive

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23
Q

implicit memories

A
  • formed unconsiously
  • procedural
  • encoded in the cerebellum
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24
Q

hippocampus

A

encodes explict (declarative) memories

25
Q

amygdala

A

retrives explict declarative memories (emotionally dirven)

26
Q

implicit memories stored where

A

cerebellum encodes implicit memories

27
Q

cerebral cortex foptb

A

frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, brainstem

28
Q

chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE)

A
  • loss of memory
  • impaired judgement
  • dementia
29
Q

neurodegenerative diseases

A

-term for disease that affects neurons in brain
-types
dementia, parkinsons disease, alzheimers

30
Q

alzheimer’s disease

A

neurodegenerative

  • loss of neurons in hippocampus area
  • causes memory loss and personality change
31
Q

alzheimer’s cause p n c i

A
  • plaques (protein deposits)
  • neurofibirillary tangles
  • cortical shrinkage
  • imbalance of neurotranismitter called acetycholine
32
Q

alzheimer’s symptoms

A
  • memory loss, declarative memories
  • personality change
  • repition
  • confusion and disorientation
33
Q

amnesia 2 types

A
  • anterograde amnesia
  • -cant form new memories
  • -cant encode
  • retrograde amnesia
  • -cant retrive old memories
  • -cant retrive in model
34
Q

anterograde amnesia

A
  • damage to hippocampus
  • caused from brain trama
  • less likely to recover
35
Q

forgetting

A

inability to recall stored information

-hermann ebbinghaus

36
Q

40% of information

A

is lost within 20 minutesl

37
Q

how to encode better 3

A

meaningful
connect to existing information
-be active in the process

38
Q

mnemonic devies 3

A

narrative chaining: make a story
acronyms: s.d.d.d
acrostivs, first letter is made into a sentence

39
Q

how to retrive better

A
  • retrace steps, memory triggers
  • visualize
  • related information
  • cues
40
Q

context dependant cues

A

place/settings act as a retrival cue

41
Q

state dependant cues

A

physiological or psychological condtion in which the memory was made

42
Q

information least likely to forget

A
  • emotional memories
  • lots of links
  • frequently used links
  • mpre meaningful
  • sequence
43
Q

serial position effect

A

superior recall for words at the start and end of a list

44
Q

primacy effect

A

first words heard, on the way to ltm

45
Q

recency effect

A

still in stm so easier to recall

46
Q

delayed serial position effect

A

primacy effect occurs but not the recency effect

47
Q

measures of retention 4rs

A
  • recall
  • recognition
  • relearning
  • reconstruction
48
Q

recall

A

reproducing information

-little to no cues

49
Q

free recall

A

no clues

50
Q

cued recall

A

given a cue

51
Q

serial recall

A

reproducing information in an order or sequence

52
Q

recognition

A

selecting the correct alternative from lists

53
Q

relearning

A

learning information that has been learnt.

assessing the amount of information retained from original learning

54
Q

savings score

A

amount of time/trials for original learning - amount of time/trials for relearning
over amount of time/trials for original learning

55
Q

reconstruction

A

rearranging the parts of an original task in order

56
Q

nature of memory

A

memory is fallible

  • subject to personal interpretation
  • stored in way that makes the most sense
57
Q

leading questions

A

-leads a question that prompts an individual in a particular way

58
Q

elizabeth loftus

A
  • speed of car
  • participants asked dependant on the word
  • estimated speed
  • contacted,hit,bumped into, collided with, smashed into

psychology (12 decks)

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