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Lymphoreticular > SA Arthropod Borne Infectious Dz > Flashcards

SA Arthropod Borne Infectious Dz Flashcards

1
Q

What affects the risk of introduction of vector borne dz?

A
  • VECTOR and PATHOGEN

- within infected animal (possibly subclinical)/fomites

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2
Q

What are arthropods?LOOK SLIDES ONLINE

A

lice/fleas etc.

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3
Q

What is the PETS?

A
  • pet travel scheme
  • protect individual pets and UK Dz status
  • requires RABIES and TAPEWORM (echinococcus multilocularis, Praziquantel) tx (used to need tick tx but dont now)
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4
Q

See lecture for tickborne pathogens imported in dogs travelling from EU

A

-

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5
Q

Which tickbrne pathogens are non-endemic to the UK and which are ednemic?

A 
> non-endemic
- babesia canis canis
- babesia gibsoni 
- erhlichia canis
> endemic
- borrelia burgdorferi
- anaplasma phagocytophilum
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6
Q

What is the caster bean tick? Distribution?

A
  • Ixodes ricinis

- WIdespread

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7
Q

What is the brown dog tick?

A

> Ripicephalus sanguineus

  • life cycle requires > 18*
  • NOT ENDEMIC UK but can establish in kennels etc
  • vector for meditteranean spotted fever (Rickettsia Conorii) humans, Babesia and Ehrlichia
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8
Q

What is babesiosis?

A

-protozoan parasite of RBCs transmitted by ticks
- 2 main genera Babesia and Theileria = piroplasms
> pathogen s
- large (b canis canis: EUrope, b canis vogeli: Africa, USA: Europe, Australia, b canis rossi: S Africa)
- small (B Gibsoni: Asia, Africa, USA, S. EUrope)

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9
Q

Where are babesia infections common?

A
  • eurpoe
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10
Q

Pathogenesis of babesia?

A
  • WITHIN TICKS trans-stadially and trans-ovarially (from larva to adult and adult to larva)
  • sporozoites injected from tick salivary glands
  • enter circulation, endocytosed by RBCs
  • immune mediaed component of pathology
  • thrombocytopenia common (but usually not cause of abnormal bleeding etc, anaemia most noted pathology)
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11
Q

Is Babesia zoonotic?

A

No but infected ticks may cross to humans if they possess a differnt strain

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12
Q

Which babesia affect humans? Reservoir?

A 
> B. Microti 
- rodent reservoir
> B. Divergens 
- cattle reservoir 
*most important causes of human Babesiosis*
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13
Q

Clinical signs of babesiosis?

A
  • hemolytic anaemia
  • lethargy, depression, inapetence
  • icterus
  • splenomegaly
  • tachycardia/tachypnoea
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14
Q

How can babesia be dx on lab findings? ?

A
  1. Lab findings
    - non specific
    - thrombocytonpenia common
    - Coombs+
    - Agglutination
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15
Q

How can babesia be dx on microscopy ? Sensitivity?

A
  • low sensitivty
  • not recommended as sole screening test
    > pear shaped, pyriform intraerythrocytic organisms
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16
Q

How can babesia be dx on PCR?

A
  • high sensitivity
  • broad-range Babesia PC
  • species identification possible using species specific PCR/sequencing
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17
Q

How can babesia be dx on serology?

A
  • usually indirect flueorescence Ab test/ELISA
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18
Q

Tx babesia?

A
  • anibabesial drug (Imidocarb dipropionate)
  • large forms: rapid clinical repsonse
  • small forms: clinical and parastiological cure uncommon - clincial relapse can occour
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19
Q

Canine erhlichia and anaplasma spp?

A 
> monocytic 
- Ehrlichia Canis
- Ehrclichia Chaffeensis (causes human monocyte ehrlichiosis, transmited by Ambylomma americanum, molecular evidence of canine infections) 
> thrombocytic
- Anaplasma platys 
> Granulocytic 
- Anaplasma phagocytophilum 
- Ehrlichia Erwingii
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20
Q

is erhlichia zoonotic?

A

NO deffo not only candis

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21
Q

Outline pathogensis of ehrlichia canis

A

> acute [1-4weeks]
- vasculitis and immune destruction -> thrombocytonpenia and coagulopathy
- multi-systemic signs
- spleen and LN enlargement
- CNS/ocular signs
subclinical carriers possible [months- years]
chronic [classical form of the dz]
- BM destruction -> pancytopenia (can present similar to acute)

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22
Q

Dx ehrlichia canis?

A
  • morulae in monocytes in blood smear or macrophages from tssue aspirates (spleen, lung, LN)
  • thrombocytonpeni/pancytopenia
  • IFA/ELISA
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23
Q

Tx/prevention of ehrlichia? Vax?

A
  • Tetracyclines for 28d
  • Chloramphenicol
  • No vax
  • Chemoprophylaxis
  • Tick-control
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24
Q

Clinical signs of A. Phagocytpohilum in dogs?

A
  • mild/mod thrombocytopenia
  • lymphopenia
  • mild anaemia
  • natural chronic infection has not been seen
  • impaired PMN fucntion pdf 2* infection
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25
Q

WHich species are affected by a. phagocytophilum?

A
  • dogs
  • cats rarely
  • zoonotic rarelyl and unclear if domestic animals pose zoonotic risk (role as sentinels)
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26
Q

What does Borellia cause?

A
  • Lyme disease
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27
Q

What lifecycle does Borellia Burgdfori ahve?

A
  • sylvatic (tick wildlife )
  • dogs incidental hosts
  • no evidence that companion animals are a source of infection for people but can import infected ticks
28
Q

Which pathogenic genospecies of borellia exist?

A
  • B. afzelii (skin )
  • B. garinii (CNS)
  • B. Burgdorferi sensu stricto (only pathogenic sp. found in N. America, present some parts of Europe and can cause neurological/arthritic complications)
29
Q

What is the most prevalent tick-transmitted infection in temperate areas of Europe, N. America and Asia?

A
  • Lyme disease

and increasing prevalence

30
Q

Clinical signs of Lyme disease?

A
  • Erythema migrans (bullseye)

- later clinical signs involve skin, nervous, musculoskeletal systems (polyarthropathy etc.)

31
Q

Prevalence of infected ticks on dogs in UK? Europe?

A
  • 0.5% UK
  • ~12% europe
    > esp humid areas eg. woodland
32
Q

Otimal habitat for ticks?

A
  • humid eg. woodland
33
Q

What is common with Borreliosis in dogs?

A
  • co-infection eg. a. phagocytophilia
34
Q

Commonest signs of Borreliosis in dogs?

A
  • lethargy, anorexia, pyrexia
  • inflammaotry polyarthritis
  • lymphadednopathy
  • PLG
35
Q

Dx Borreliosis

A

> complicated

  • no pathognomic test
  • asymptomatic seroconversion common
  • microscopic/genetic detection often not possible
36
Q

Tx Borreliosis in dogs?

A
  • Empirical Abx

- Doxycycline/ amoxicillin

37
Q

ROutes of transmission of Leishmania possible?

A
  • Phlebotomous vector
  • venereal
  • blood products
  • direct contact (skin wounds)
38
Q

Which is the most important species in Europe of Leishmania?

A
  • L. infantum (endemic south europe)
39
Q

Prevalence of Leishmania

A
  • p to 70-90% some areas Meditterranean basin eg. Spanish Balearic Islands
40
Q

How canprevalnce be monitored/tested?

A
  • PCR and serology (> than disease)
41
Q

Highest risk time for infection with Leishmania?

A
  • travelling to endemic areas in high sandfly ties (summer March-NoV)
42
Q

What is the situation in the UK of Leishmania status?

A
  • infected dogs are potential reservoir

- BUT require a competant vector (climatic changes would allow this)

43
Q

Outline leishmania life cycle ECHO 30mins

A

-

44
Q

Target cell of leishmania?

A
  • macrophages -> systemic infection in hemolymphatic organs

- parasite persistence -> chonic infection

45
Q

Pathogensis of Leishamnia?

A
  • systemic infection in hemolymphatic organs
  • parasitic persistence can -> chronic infection
  • protective immunity mediated by T cells (Th1)
  • signs may develop months-years after infection (>7yrs)
46
Q

What does outcome/disease progression depend on in Leishmania?

A

Types of immune response mounted

  • Th1 clears infections
  • Th2 inapprooprate antibody not helpful!
  • endemic/naive status
  • age (2-4 and >7yrs more susceptible)
  • breed
  • nutrition
  • concurrent dz
  • immunosuppression
47
Q

CLnical sings of Leishmania?

A
  • emaciation and malaise
  • visceral and cutaneous signs
  • skin disease (mucocutaneous junction, erosive/ulcerative, hyperkeratosis)
  • lymphadenomegaly/splenomegaly
  • fluctuating signs
48
Q

Dx of Leishmania? Purposes of Dx?

A

> confirm dz or screen at risk healthy dogs/blood donors

  1. demonstrate parasite
    - definitive dx, specificity 100%, senstiivity lower
  2. Serology
    - high Ab titre (plus clinical signs)
  3. PCR gold standard
    - BM, LN, spleen, skin
    - sensitive esp early infection
  4. clinpath
    - hyperglobunlinaemia (ineffective Th2 B cell response)
    - decease abl:glob ratio
    - thrombocytopenia
    - non-regenerative anaemia
    - proteinuria
49
Q

Tx Leishmania?

A

> anti-leishmanial drugs
-Meglumine antimoniate (“Glucantime”) + Allopurinol
- prolonged tx
- often give clinical remission but persistnet parasitaemia
- NOT LIC UK needs import lic
consider PTS (zoonotic risk, especially where endemic)

50
Q

Prevention of Leishmania?

A
  • avoid sandflies
  • topical insecticides
    > imidacloprid/permethrin spoton (apply 2d before travelling)
    > Deltamethrin impregnated collars (apply 2w before travelling)
  • vax available
51
Q

Forms of human infections leishmania? Who is at risk? What is the 1* route of transmission?

A
  • cutaneous/visceral [fatal]/mucocutaneous/self-limiting or subclin dz
  • at risk young and immunosuppressed
  • 1* route of infection = transmission by sandflies from dogs, direct contact? Poss
  • population level correlation between human and canine dz prevalence but dog ownership not a risk factor (indivdual level)
52
Q

Where is dirofilaria immitis endemic? What is the vector and what does it caause?

A
  • endemic europe, USA, Australia (Not UK yet)

- mosquito vector

53
Q

What does dirofilaria immitis cause?

A

> Heart worm

  • occupies R heart and PAs
  • clinical signs : coughing, dyspnoea, v excercise tolerance
54
Q

Whcih species more resistant to heart worm?

A
  • cats but disease can still occour

- ZOONOTIC

55
Q

Is heart worm zoonotic?

A

YES

56
Q

How long is the PPP for heart worm?

A

~6m

57
Q

Prophlyaxis for heart worm for animals travelling abroad

A
  • monthly selamectin (Stronghold)
  • monthly milbemycin (Program +/Milbemax)
  • monthly moxidectin (Advocate)
58
Q

Tx Dirofilaria Immitis?

A
    1. Symptomatic tx (steroids, tx CHF)
    1. Adulticide tx (melarsomine)
    1. Microfilarial tx (levamisole, ivermectin, milbemycin)
59
Q

WHat is Bartonella?

A
  • small G- hemotropic bacteria
  • transmitted by fleas (+- ticks)
  • Bartonella henselae most common in cats (difernet host-adapted species within Bartonella genus)
  • Widespread but cats don’t get disease
  • ZOONOTIC
60
Q

What does BArtonella cause?

A

Cat scratch disease Bartonellosis

- swollen LNs if immunocompetent, bacillary angiomatosis if immunocompromised

61
Q

Main reasons for complicated diagnosis of arthropod transmitted dz?

A
  • long incubation period

- asymptomatic states

62
Q

Which breed is pdf severe reactions to Ehrlichia?

A

GSDs

63
Q

Are zoonotic dz always of clinical relevance to veterinary spp?

A

May be of low (Bartonella) or high (Leishmania) relevance

64
Q

Are zoonotic diseases always directly transmitted?

A
  • direclty (Cat-scratch dz)

- indiretly via vector

65
Q

What are vectorborne dz?

A
  • dz caused by parsites, bacteria or viruses transmitted by the bite of hematophagous arthropods

Lymphoreticular (31 decks)

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